Clade

Spectroscopic, and Theoretical Studies on MoleculEu- Phosphorus Oxides and Oxide Sulfides J. Clade, F. Frick, and M. Jansen... 

Rao VR, Sas AR, Eugenin EA, Siddappa NB, Bimonte-Nelson H, Berman JW, Ranga U, Tyor WR, Prasad VR (2008) HlV-1 clade-spedfic differences in the induction of neuropathogenesis. J Neurosci 28(40) 10010-10016... 

Hara (1957) considered the South American species, C. valdivicum and C. macranthum Hook., to be ancestral in the genus. This was not borne out by the matK sequence data. Rather, C. valdivicum (C. macranthum was not studied), emerged as part of a clade consisting otherwise of Asian species. A disjunction of... 

Within the Nematoda, parasitism has arisen multiple times (Blaxter et al., 1998). The plant-parasitic Tylenchida, Dorylaimida and Triplonchida have acquired the phenotype independently. The insect/invertebrate parasitism of the species in clades V, IV, III and I have similarly arisen independently. Vertebrate parasitism has arisen at least four times, in the Trichocephalida of clade I, the three orders in clade III, the Strongyloidi-dae of clade IV and the Strongylida of clade V. As there are still additional animal parasitic groups that have not been analysed (importantly including Dioctophyme and Capillaria) the number of independent acquisitions of vertebrate parasitism predicted may still be an underestimate. The import... 

Sukhdeo et al. (1997) presented an analysis of the phylogeny of strongylid nematodes which they claim demonstrated that the ancestral nematode was a skin-penetrating tissue migrator, and that one clade of parasites (the Trichostrongylidae and Heligmosomidae) has secondarily... 

Hurst, L.D. and McVean, G.T. (1996) Clade selection, reversible evolution and the persistence of selfish elements the evolutionary dynamics of cytoplasmic incompatibility. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 263, 97-104. 

Another hydA subtype was found in Scenedesmus obliquus [Florin et al., 2001] and Chlorella fusca [Winkler et al., 2002a] which both belong to the Scenedesmus -clade. Under anaerobic conditions neither S. obliquus nor C. fusca reach the -production efficiency of C. reinhardtii. 

Chlorophycean species [Proeschold et al., 2001], the HydA proteins of C. moewusii, C. reinhardtii and S. obliquus form 3 different branches which possess, one to the other, a rather similar evolutionary distance. The three different HydA branches reflect the membership to three distinct phylogenetic clades ( Moewusii -clade, Reinhardtii -clade, Scenedesmus -clade) which can be found in completely different regions of the chlorophycean phylogenetic tree. 

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