Phenyl propane monomer

The majority of resins are composed of two dimethacrylate monomers, 2,2 -bis [4(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropyloxy)phenyl] propane (Bis-GMA) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) [22-28]. Typically, TEGDMA or other methacrylate monomers are added as viscosity modifiers to Bis-GMA to make the solution less viscous and more appropriate for clinical use. These diluents also allow for better distribution of the components during manufacture of these composite systems. Another common monomer used to make dental composites, especially those manufactured in Europe, is urethane dimethacrylate [24,29, 30], Ethoxy bisphenol A dimethacrylate is another modification of the Bis-GMA monomer that can be used to make a more hydrophobic polymer that would better withstand the wet oral environment. Other diluents include low viscosity diacrylates and dimethacrylates. Table 1 lists some of these monomers [31-37]. 

Six more polyaryl ethers were made from 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (2) and one of the following monomers l,l -bis(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethyl phenyl) cyclohexane 2,2 -bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) -2-phenyl ethane 1,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-ethyl cyclohexane 2- ( hydroxyphenyl)-2-[3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -4-methyl cyclohexyl ] propane 2,2 -bis (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethyl phenyl) propane and bisphenol A. 

The FeCU-initiated oxidative polymerizations of both 2,2-bis[4-(l-naphth-oxy)]phenyl propane (321) and 2,2-bis[4-(l-naphthyl)phenyl] propane (382) involve two different propagation pathways [215]. If the oxidative polymerization of 2,2-bis[4-(l-naphthoxy)]phenyl propane proceeded like the other bis(l-naphthoxy) monomers (see Figs. 43 and 44) the polymer repeat unit would contain an isopropenylidene group linking two phenyl groups (Fig. 54). 

In the last generation endodontic and restorative materials molecules such as 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA), triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxy)-phenyl]propane (Bis-GMA) are present. In the clinical use these compounds are chemically or photochemically polymerised and the degree of polymerization - which is never complete - determines the release of some quantity of uncured monomers in the pulpar cavity. Thus, the pulpal tissues can be exposed - through the dentinal diffusion - to these compounds that may cause inflammatory reactions and cellular damage, as confirmed by several reports. ... 

Recently Hay and co-workers developed a method for preparing PNI that involves the use of a monomer containing imide rings [67]. The reaction of hydrazine with DNTA proceeds in a similar fashion to that in Scheme 1.4 and yields bis(aminoimide) that reacts with 2,2-bis([4-(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)phenyl]propane (dianhydride A) in an m-cresoho-dichlorobenzene mixture under the conditions of the single-stage polycondensation to produce poly(ether naphthalenecarboximide) (PENI) (Scheme 1.14) ... 

The diamine is synthesized by coupling 2,2 -dimethylbiphenyl-4,4 -diol with p-chloronitrobenzene. Subsequently, the nitro groups are re-dueed. For similar reasons, 3,3, 5,5 -tetramethyl-2,2-bis(4-(4-amino-phen-oxy)phenyl)propane has been introduced as a diamine monomer. Poly-... 

The main monomer used is the substance generally known as bisGMA, but whose systematic chemical name is 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacrylyloxypropoxy)phenyl] propane (Fig. 3.1). Composites based on this substance were developed originally by Bowen in the early 1960s in an attempt to combine the chemistry of epoxy and methacrylate systems [9]. This monomer is a liquid of high viscosity and to prepare composite... 

Figure 7 Methacrylates and acrylates widely used In medicine and dentistry (a) PMMA, (b) poly(acrylic acid), (c) pHEMA, (d) poly(2-phenylethyl methacrylate), and (e) 2,2-bls[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyolxypropoxy)phenyl]propane monomer (BIsGMA) (also called bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate).

The monomers, obtained in near-quantitative yields, were submitted to free-radical homopolymerisation and copolymerisation with HEMA using 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-l-phenyl-propan-l-one as the photo-initiator. The interest of these materials (as opposed to the saturated counterparts reviewed above) is reactive C=C moieties within and at the end of their dangling chains. Their properties and chemical modifications are being investigated. 

In order to discern between the effects of monomer structure and viscosity on the polymerization kinetics, a two-component system, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDM, I) and 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropoxy)phenyl]-propane bis-GMA, n) [25], was investigated and the rate coefficients were estimated. 

All of these UV-curable systems have very different chemistries than those used in solvent-based systems. Most contain a dispersant, a plasticizer (not necessary in all cases), a photopolymerizable binder, and an initiator to activate the UV curing. A typical binder/initiator system found in the literature is a polyester acrylate binder and an initiator such as 2-hydroxy-2methyl-l-phenyl-propan-l-one. The binder is a liquid low-viscosity monomer diluted into hydroxy-ethyl methacrylate. Most of the UV-curable systems contain an acrylate monomer of some sort, since they have relatively low viscosities (100 mPa s or cP) and excellent reactivity with the UV radiation. The low viscosity allows the preparation of ceramic slurries with a relatively high solids loading, and the resulting high-density green sheets have excellent mechanical properties. 

Modern resin-based restorative materials used in stomatology originated with the invention of the so-called Bowen s monomer and the introduction of composites [142]. This monomer is known as BisGMA, a label easier to use than chemical name of 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropoxy)-phenyl]propane.Today, both unfilled and composite resins are widely employed in dentistry—as binding agents, pit and fissure sealants, direct filling materials, orthodontic adhesives, and resin cements [143]. 

These three monomers are linked together by enzymatic dehydrogenation via phenoxy radicals into a three-dimensional irregular polymer network with C-C and C-O-C linkages. One third of the phenyl-propane units are linked by carbon-carbon bonds, two thirds by ether bonds. Lignins of different origin differ in their structure. 

The pioneering work of R. L. Bowen, especially his classic syntheses of the prototypical dental monomer 2,2-bis[p-(2 -hydroxyls -methacryloxypropoxy) phenyl] propane, designated BIS-GMA, ushered in the modern era of dental composite and sealant materials (1-6). BIS-GMA may be synthesized from bis-phenol A and glycidyl methacrylate... 

Other substitutes that have been advanced are derivatives of BIS-GMA obtained by selective reaction of the secondary hydroxyl groups, (e,g, esters, urethanes) as shown in Fig, 2C (11,12), Still more hydrophobic variants of BIS-GMA include the dimethacrylate ester of bisphenol A (BIS-MA) and 2,2-bis[p-(2 -methacryloxyethoxy) phenyl] propane (Fig, 2D), These solid monomers, which are relatively easy to purify by recrystallization, should permit the formulation of highly pure monomer systems based on these dimethacrylates (13,14),... 

Zhao and Brittain [280-282] reported the LCSIP of styrene on planar silicon wafers using surface modifications of 2-(4-(ll-triethoxysilylundecyl)phenyl-2-methoxy-propane or 2-(4-trichlorosilylphenyl)-2-methoxy-d3-propane respectively. Growth of PS brushes from these SAMs has been successfully achieved factors that influence PS thickness included solvent polarity, additives and TiC concentration. Sequential polymerization by monomer addition to the same silicate substrate bearing the Hving polymer chains resulted in thicker PS films. FTIR-ATR studies using a deuterated initiator indicated that the initiator efficiency is low, and the... 

Commercial polymers have been produced from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isotubtyl, t-butyl, stcaryl, benzyl and trimethylsilyl vinyl ethers. The polylmethyl vinyl ether) called PVM or Resyn is produced by the polymerization of the monomer by boron trifluoride in propane at —40°C in the presence of traces of an alkyl phenyl sulfide. The polymer may have isotactic, syndiotactic or stereoblock configurations depending on the solvent and catalyst used. 

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