Monoglyceride process

For sizing the gas circulating pump, feed pump and reflux pump the results of the optimizations were used. TTie determination of the maximum flows was based on a flooding point diagram. As an example, the optimization of the Monoglyceride process required a gas flow of the regenerated C02/C3Hg mixture of... 

The following four methods have been used to manufacture polyesters. The fatty acid and monoglyceride processes are the most commonly used commercial methods ... 

UV-curable tung oil-based resins were prepared via a Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction and UV-curable tung oil was prepared from bodied tung oil and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate. Phenothiazine was added to avoid homopolymerisation of trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate. UV-curable tung oil polyester was prepared by the monoglyceride process and then reacted with trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate via the Diels-Alder reaction. 

TTiere are two processes for making alkyd resins, the fatty acid process, in which the three components are heated together at around 200 C, and the monoglyceride process in which the oil and polyol are first heated together to form partial glycerides, which are then reacted with the polycarboxylic acid or its anhydride. In the latter case the glycerol of the oil forms part of the total polyol component. 

Alkyd resins cannot be prepared by simply heating a mixture of oil, polyol and dibasic acid. Because of the preferential reaction of the polyol and acid, a heterogeneous mixture of polyester and oil is obtained which has no value as a surface coating vehicle. There are two main methods whereby useful resins are prepared commercially, namely the fatty acid process and the alcoholysis process (often called the monoglyceride process). 

Alkyds are made by different processes, depending upon the available raw materials, final product properties and cost. The alcoholysis process (also called the monoglyceride process) or acidolysis process is used when oil is one of the starting materials, while direct esterification uses fatty acids as starting materials, with better control of final resin properties, but generally at higher cost. 

Fig. 3. Schematic process flow diagram for an imitation cheese product having the following formulation dry ingredients, calcium caseinate (or rennet casein), 24.5 wt % tapioca flour, 3.0 wt % salt, 2.16 wt % adipic acid, 0.6 wt % vitamins and minerals, 0.1 wt % sorbic acid (mold inhibitor), 0.5 wt % fat—color blend, soybean oil hydrogenated to a Wiley melting point of 36°C, 21.3 wt % lactylated monoglycerides, 0.05 wt % red-orange coloring, 0.01 wt...

Alcoholysis Process In alcoholysis process the oil is heated with polyol at 240°C in presence of a base like calcium hydroxide. The principal product formed is a monoglyceride. The dibasic acid is then added and further esterification done ... 

Monoglyceride (MG) is one of the most important emulsifiers in food and pharmaceutical industries [280], MG is industrially produced by trans-esterification of fats and oils at high temperature with alkaline catalyst. The synthesis of MG by hydrolysis or glycerolysis of triglyceride (TG) with immobilized lipase attracted attention recently, because it has mild reaction conditions and avoids formation of side products. Silica and celite are often used as immobilization carriers [281], But the immobilized lipase particles are difficult to reuse due to adsorption of glycerol on this carriers [282], PVA/chitosan composite membrane reactor can be used for enzymatic processing of fats and oils. The immobilized activity of lipase was 2.64 IU/cm2 with a recovery of 24%. The membrane reactor was used in a two-phase system reaction to synthesize monoglyceride (MG) by hydrolysis of palm oil, which was reused for at least nine batches with yield of 32-50%. 

The process consists of two columns. In the first column, the nonvolatile monoglycerides are separated from the mixture, and in the second column, they are separated from the solvent. 

The homogeneous acid-catalyzed transesterification process does not enjoy the same popularity in commercial application as its counterpart, the base-catalyzed process, one of the main reasons being that it is about 4000 times slower, due to the different mechanism [10]. Thus, in the reaction sequence triglyceride is converted stepwise to diglyceride, monoglyceride and finally glycerol with formation of one molecule of methyl ester at each step (Scheme 10.1). 

A systematic investigation of the influence of pre- and post-expansion conditions, and solute concentration (general process parameters) upon the crystallinity, particle size, and particle-size distribution, was performed for the model system glyceride-CCh [67-69]. A glyceride with the compositions, 50-55 wt.% of monoglycerides, 35-40 wt.% of diglycerides, 3-8 wt.% of triglycerides, and less than 1 wt.% of free fatty acids, was used. 

Figure 9.8-10. Influence of the pre-expan- Figure 9.8-11. View of monoglyceride sion pressure on the bulk density. particle processed by PGSS.

A comparison of these methods shows that the development of monoglyceride production by enzymatic method could be considered as compared to the chemical process, since milder reaction conditions are utilized and less energy is consumed in a shorter time. 

Several processes for the production of biodiesel fuel have been developed by acid-, alkali-, and enzyme-catalyzed transesterification reactions (7-10). Transesterification, called alcoholysis, is the displacement of alcohol from an ester by another alcohol in a process similar to hydrolysis. Transesterification is represented by a number of consecutive and reversible reactions. The reaction step is the conversion of triglycerides to diglycerides, followed by the conversion of diglycerides to monoglycerides and of monoglycerides to glyceride at each step (11,12). 

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