Monoglyceride, acylation

Bierhach, H. (1983) Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis in Human Small Intestinal Mucosal Acyl-CoA Monoglyceride Acyl-transferase, Digestion 28,138-147. 

Toppings are spray-dried emulsions made from sodium caseinate, vegetable fat such as palm kernel or coconut fat, and emulsifiers with low polarity, such as acylated (acetylated or lactylated) monoglycerides or propylene glycerol monostearate. 

Accordingly, a detailed series of tests in this laboratory revealed that aqueous solutions of saturated monoglycerides (with acyl chain lengths greater than 10 carbons) combined with... 

Synthesis of 2-monoglycerides. Boric acid is recommended for removal of the 1,3-benzylidene group from l,3-benzyUdene-2-acyl glycerols. The derivative is heated in triethyl borate with finely powdered boric acid until conversion to the diborate ester is complete and this is then hydrolyzed with water, for example to 2-monoolein. 

Fig. 10.9 Pyloric and duodenal outputs of lipolysis products and residual meal triglycerides during the digestion of a liquid test meal. The distribution of total meal TG acyl chains (mol%) in lipolysis products (free fatty acids FFA diglycerides DG monoglycerides MG) and residual triglycerides (TG) is plotted as a function of meal gastric emptying (%).

N-acyl methyltaurates, N-acyl sarcosinates, acyl isethionates, IV-acyl polypeptide condensates, polyalkoxylated ether glycolates, monoglyceride sulfates, and fatty glyceryl ether sulfonates [1,23]. 

U.S. 5981450 (2000) Fabry et al. (Henkel) Monoglyceride (ether) sulfate amino acid derivatives (acyl gluamates, vegetable protein hydrolyzates, or vegetable protein fatty acid condensates) Mild detergent mixtures... 

This enzyme (triacylglycerol acyl-hydrolase) has a molecular mass of approximately 42 kDa (Hide, Chan, and Li 1992) and a short half-life of about 1-3 h in dogs. Pancreatic lipase is secreted in its active form, and this activity is enhanced by colipase and bile salts the enzyme hydrolyzes triglycerides to monoglycerides. Other lipases— phospholipase a, phospholipase b, and cholesterol ester hydrolase—are also secreted by the pancreas. 

Figure 22.5 General synthesis of the rubber seed oil monoglyceride (where R represents the fatty acyl chain] (reprinted with permission of Bakare etal., 2008, John Wiley and Sons [31]).

Fig. 13. The effect of temperature on the solubility in micellar bile acid solution of fatty acid (top), monoglyceride (center), and sodium soap (bottom). The data of Figs. 6, 8, and 10 have been plotted with the coordinates switched and the axes reversed. Fatty acid solubility increases markedly at a temperature close to the melting point of the anhydrous acid. Monoglyceride solubility increases at a temperature close to that of the transition temperature of monoglyceride in water. Thus, for both fatty acids and soap, the temperature at which a marked increase in solubility occurs is determined chiefly by lipolytic product-water interaction. With sodium soaps, the temperature range over which the solubility increases is much broader, and a significant depression is caused by bile acids. For a given acyl radical, the temperature at which solubility increases is lowest for soap, intermediate for monoglyceride, and highest for fatty acid.

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