Monoclonal antibodies, ciguatoxin

Tsumuraya, T., Fujii, L, Inoue, M., Tatami, A., Miyazaki, K., and Hirama, M., Production of monoclonal antibodies for sandwich immunoassay detection of ciguatoxin 51-hydroxyCTX3C. Toxicon, 48, 287-94, 2006. 

In 1990, a solid-phase immunobead assay (SPIA), with colored polystyrene particles coated with anti-CTX monoclonal antibody (MAb-CTX) began to be used for direct detection of ciguatoxins adsorbed on bamboo paddles coated with organic correction fluid. The membrane immunob-ead assay (MIA) presented by in 1998 Hokama et al. is based on the immunological principles used to develop the SPIA, using a MAb-CTX coated onto colored polystyrene beads. The polyether toxins extracted from a piece of fish tissue bind to the hydrophobic membrane on a plastic support (membrane stick), and can be detected with the MAb-CTX coated onto the colored polystyrene beads. The color intensity of the membrane is related to the concentration of the toxin bound to the membrane. 

Hokama, Y. et al., Simphfied solid-phase membrane immunobead assay (MIA) with monoclonal anti-ciguatoxin antibody (MAb-CTX) for detection of ciguatoxin and related polyether toxins, J. Nat. Toxins, 7, 1,1998. 

Immunological detection of ciguatoxins and related polyethers has received particular attention compared to other marine toxins. The initial RIA and enzyme immunoassay employing a polyclonal sheep anti-ciguatoxin antibody revealed cross-reactivities between ciguatoxins and other polyether toxins, suggesting the need for monoclonal antibodies. The availability of monoclonal antibodies allowed for the development of stick enzyme immrmoassay methods and solid-phase immunobead techniques (known as the paddle test), which successfully recognized toxins attached to correction fluid-coated bamboo sticks or paddles previously exposed to toxic fish tissues. 

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