Reference state molten salts

Two earlier reviews were published on high temperature cells and batteries based on molten salt and solid electrolytes. The first one (69) describes the Li/Cl2 cells, particularly the LiA.l/LiCl-KCl/Cl2 cell with gaseous CI2. Li cells with chalcogenides as cathode materials are mentioned, as well as some details of construction. This review, and the 26 references attached to it, reflects the state of the Li molten salt batteries to the end of 1970 (69). The second review (70), prepared two years later is more comprehensive. It discusses in detail some theoretical problems, the thermodynamics and rate processes in electrochemical cells, and presents tables and... 

An ionic liquid is a liquid that consists only of ions. However, this term includes an additional special definition to distinguish it from the classical definition of a molten salt. While a molten salt generally refers to the liquid state of a high-melting salt, such as molten sodium chloride, an ionic liquid exists at much lower temperatures (approx. < 100 °C). The most important reported ionic liquids are composed of the following cations and anions ... 

G. J. Janz, F. W. Dampier, G. R. Lakshminoraganan, P. K. Lorenz, and R. P. T. Tomkins, Molten Salts Vol. 1, Electrical Conductance, Density and Viscosity Data, United States Department of Commerce, National Standard Reference Data Series, Natural Bureau of Standards 15, Washington, 1968. 

In order to get some information on the possible structure of the given molten system from the conductivity measurement, a suitable reference state should be defined. Since conductivity is a scalar quantity, no ideal behavior is given by definition. However, there were several attempts in the literature to present a model of electrical conductivity of molten salts, which would describe satisfactorily the course of the conductivity dependence on composition. 

Actual electrolytes already contain mobile ions such as molten salts or salt solutions (molten table salt or a solution of table salt, for example), but in some cases also solids (solid electrolytes in fuel cells). The substances referred to are already composed of ions in the solid state. Almost all salts are like this one example is... 

This catalyst may also be referred to as the molten salt catalyst, as referred to by Idles et al, according to the catalyst materials of this type reported to date. It is well known that some of the transition metal oxides, alkaline, and alkaline-earth metal oxides promote carbon oxidation. These oxides are solid and immobile at room temperature but become mobile on the surfaces of soot and support materials on a micrometer scale above certain temperatures, the melting point, or so-called Tamman temperature. In such a mobile state, the catalyst can maintain contact with the soot while the soot surfaces are continually excavated by oxidation. 

The perturbation theories for molten salts of Harada et al. [114, 141] use a hypothetical fluid obeying the RPM as a reference, leaning on the Monte Carlo simulations of Larsen [109,110] for such a fluid. Two state variables are employed the reduced temperature T and the reduced packing fraction yr defined in terms of the interionic distance parameter d as ... 

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