Molecule driven

Lounis B, Jelezko F and Orrit M 1997 Single molecules driven by strong resonant fields hyper-Raman and subharmonic resonances Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 3673-6... 

Brunei C, Lounis B, Tamarat P and Orrit M 1998 Rabi resonances of a single molecule driven by rf and laser fields Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 2679-82... 

The universal failure to realize infinitely sharp peaks and thus infinite resolution in separation techniques is most often due to the nonidentical activities of identical molecules. Driven by random entropic (or thermal) influences, they each take an individual and unique pathway in the system and as a consequence emerge separately - part of a smeared zone. 

Mass transfer, an important phenomenon in science and engineering, refers to the motion of molecules driven by some form of potential. In a majority of industrial applications, an activity or concentration gradient serves to drive the mass transfer between two phases across an interface. This is of particular importance in most separation processes and phase transfer catalyzed reactions. The flux equations are analogous to Ohm s law and the ratio of the chemical potential to the flux represents a resistance. Based on the stagnant-film model. Whitman and Lewis [25,26] first proposed the two-film theory, which stated that the overall resistance was the sum of the two individual resistances on the two sides. It was assumed in this theory that there was no resistance to transport at the actual interface, i.e., within the distance corresponding to molecular mean free paths in the two phases on either side of the interface. This argument was equivalent to assuming that two phases were in equilibrium at the actual points of contact at the interface. Two individual mass transfer coefficients (Ld and L(-n) and an overall mass transfer coefficient (k. ) could be defined by the steady-state flux equations ... 

Unlike conformation transition of brushes in solution, conformational changes of adsorbed molecules driven by exposure to different kinds of solvents are particularly interesting due to the possibility of both in situ imaging and manipulation of the conformational properties of molecular bmshes. Environment-controlled AFM was used to in situ... 

Using the ground-state density matrix as an input, the CEO procedure - computes vertical transition energies and the relevant transition density matrices (denoted electronic normal modes ( v)mn = g c j Cn v ), which connect the optical response with the underlying electronic motions. Each electronic transition between the ground state and an electronically excited state v) is described by a mode which is represented hy K x K matrix. These modes are computed directly as eigenmodes of the linearized time-dependent Hartree—Fock equations of motion for the density matrix (eq A4) of the molecule driven by the optical field. 

The TDHF equations of motion follow the evolution of the reduced single-electron density matrix eq 1.4 representing the molecule driven by an external field p(0 = p + where the ground-state density matrix p is the key input to these calculations. The diagonal element p, represents the charge at the nth atomic orbital, and... 

Scheme 20 Unidirectional self-assembly of LMOG molecules driven by cholesterol-cholesterol interactions forms a hehcal array as self-assembled unit fiber...

E. Santamato, B. Daino et al.. Collective Rotation of Molecules Driven by the Angular Momentum of Light in a Nematic Film, Phys. Rev. Lett. (1986) 158... 

Collective Rotation of Molecules Driven by the Angular Momentum of Light in a Nematic Film... 

Fortuna S, Gargiani P, Betti MG, Mariani C, Calzolari A, Modesti S, Fabris S (2012) Molecule-driven substrate reconstruction in the two-dimensional self-oiganization of Fe-phthalocyanines on Au(llO). J Phys Chem C 116 6251-6258. doi 10.1021/jp211036m... 

Migration of Surfactant Molecules Driven by the Electric Field... 

In order to control gel robots, estimates of the set of possible transformations that result from actuation are needed. The model was proposed which describes the deformation process of the gel in chapter 2, and identified model parameters in chapter 3. The model supposes that the state of the gel is calculated from the local interactions between the gel and the molecules driven by the electric field. Since the chemical reaction is located on the surface of the gel, we need... 

The electron current within a molecule driven by an intense laser field should generate induced electromagnetic field. These in turn will bring about the nontrivial secondary effects [39,213,298,299,334,488]. The more intense external field is, the more prominent these secondary effects should be. However, they can be studied only by solving the coupled equations of quantum electronic wavepacket and the Maxwell equations in a self-consistent maimer [249]. To successfully achieve this project, a very good theory for nonadiabatic electron wavepacket theory must be constructed first. 

This transport mechanism operates to move solute molecules through the water filled pore spaces between the sand, silt and clay clumps or grains that form the bed. The solids pieces are fixed thereby providing a torturous and partially blocked pathway for solute molecules driven by a higher concentration in the pore water at depth hg than at the interface. As mention above this process... 

In Equation 19.12, Cq = 8.854 x j-i qi -1 jg jjjg dielectric constant in vacuum, e is the relative dielectric permittivity of the solvent (e = 78.5 for water at room temperature 298 K), and are the electrokinetic zeta potential defined at the shear plane (see Figure 19.3), r is the dynamic viscosity of the solvent (q = 8.91 x 10 kgm" s for water at room temperature 298 K), and E is the externally applied electric field. The first equation in Equation 19.12 represents the fluid motion in a stationary channel under the action of an externally appUed electric field. The motion is called electro-osmosis and the velocity is v. The second equation in Equation 19.12 gives the velocity v, of charged suspended colloidal particle (or a dissolved molecule) driven by the same electric field. This phenomenon is called electrophoresis. The EDL thickness 1/k depends on the concentration of background electrolyte [18,19,25,26]. 

Scheme 40 Reaction scheme of an expected catalytic cycle for addition reactions on unsaturated molecule driven by a coordinated geminal dianion...

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