Molecular magnitudes

MolekuLar-grSsse,/. molecular magnitude mo> lecular weight, -kraft, /. molecular force, -reibung, /, molecular friction, -stoning, /. molecular disturbance, -strahl, m. moleculat ray. -verbindung, /, molecular compoimd. -warme, /, molecular heat, -wirkung, /. molecular action (or effect), -zustand, m. molecular state or condition, molecularity. 

It is also easy to see that the dyestuff 2 (diamine green B) can be synthesised by joining the fragments 4 e, f, and g, in this precise order, by controlling the pH of the medium. Such an example illustrates how the molecular magnitude does not necessarily imply greater complexity in the synthetic planning (for a discussion of "molecular complexity" versus "synthetic complexity" see ref. [5]). 

In the synthesis of peptides and proteins, recognition of the constituent aminoacids is almost immediate however, the realisation of the synthesis in the laboratory may be one of the most arduous tasks which the synthetic organic chemist faces. The molecular magnitude and the strong polarity which tends to make the reaction intermediates very insoluble, as well as the problem of conservation of... 

In general, the differential description is useful for processes where there is a wide separation of scales between the smallest macroscopic scales of interest and the microscopic scales associated with the internal structure of the fluid. If the micro-scales were always of molecular magnitude then questions of scale separation would seldom arise. But, in many of the models employed for engineering purposes, the characteristic scales of the internal structure being described are themselves macroscopic in nature. In such situations the desired separation between the calculated and modeled scales is much less clear cut, and one must be careful not to attribute quantitative significance to any predicted solution features with scales comparable to the internal micro-scale. When a continuum description is pushed to far, i.e. applied on scales too small, one can only hope that such inaccuracies are not catastrophic in nature. 

Although in the foregoing discussion the molecule was pictured as an elastic sphere, the result retains a good deal of its value even if this simple representation is entirely abandoned and the molecule is regarded, for example, as a mere centre of force which repels similar centres when they approach too closely. What the above calculations have really yielded is information about the average distance between the molecular centres at which transfers of momentum occur. For many purposes this constitutes quite a reasonable definition of the diameter. Ambiguity is, however, avoided if collision diameter. In actual fact it corresponds fairly closely to the molecular magnitudes determined by the methods of X-ray and electron diffraction. 

Kopp, Entwickelung (1873), 736-40, 750-53, 802-8. Kopp wrote that Williamson s work, in addition to exploring molecular motion, settled the difficult problem of inconsistent molecular magnitudes, set a pattern for others to pursue the same sorts of molecular arguments, and prepared the way for the discovery of valence. In doing all this, Kopp averred, Williamson helped establish the very distinction between atoms and molecules (740, 803). 

Let us first examine some aspects of the interconnected problem of atomic weights, formulas, and molecular magnitudes. In chapter 1 we noted much disunity and confusion in the chemical community on these questions, such as the crucial issue of the formula for water. What Williamson had done in 1850-51 was to present the first direct experimentally based argument that in the water molecule there really is one indivisible oxygen atom weighing 16. That water really is H2O... 

For all formulae involving a few d ees of freedom only Table 110 shows that the mean free paths are very much larger than one would expect. In Table 110 are given for comparison the mean free paths in some liquid-liquid diffusion systems in which it can be seen that the mean free paths are of normal molecular magnitudes (excepting water which usually shows anomalous properties). 

So far there was only mention of such glycolipid monomers. They may show a very varying molecular magnitude, as low as e.g., 618 Da (cuscutic resinoside A see above) or 761 Da (ipomoeassin B, Fig. 8.3) up to 1771 Da (tuguajalapins... 

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