Molecular genetics pharmacogenomics

A Science Primer. NCBI, NLM, NIH. 2004. URL http // www.ncbi.nlm.nLh.gov/Ahout/primer/index.html. Bioinformatics, genome mapping, molecular modeling, SNPs, ESTs, microarray technology, molecular genetics, pharmacogenomics, and phylogenetics. 

Journal of Proteome Research (ACS Pubs) Molecular Genetics and Genomics (Springer) Pharmacogenomics Journal (Nature Publishing Group)... 

TheLK,BertilssonL(2012)Pharmacogenomics of CYP2D6 molecular genetics, interethnic differences and clinical importance. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 27 55-67... 

Since nicotine has wide ranging effects on the central nervous system it seems likely that pharmacogenomic effects on the development of nicotine dependence will span several neurotransmitter systems. One study found an association between a polymorphism in dopamine /1-hydroxylase and level of tobacco consumption [20]. This enzyme is important in noradrenaline synthesis and it is tempting to speculate that genetically regulated variations in activity might influence susceptibility to nicotine withdrawal symptoms mediated by noradrenergic pathways, but more information is required on the molecular effects of the polymorphism. 

As shown in Fig. 1.1, the integration of pharmacogenomics and systems biology can help elucidate the mechanisms of diseases and drug actions at various levels and connect information between different levels. For example, altered genetic structure may cause malfunctions at the molecular level, which would influence the downstream interactions, pathways, and networks at the cellular level. Such changes may then lead to tissue or organ disorders that are disease phenotypes reflected as... 

As shown in Fig. 1.1, bioinformatics approaches in pharmacogenomics are conducted systematically. The lowest level in the system is at the molecular level. At this level, it is necessary to understand the detailed features of a gene and the relationship between genetic structure and function (see Subheading 1.2.1). These detailed features include sequence analytic information such as sequence retrieval and comparison, sequence variation information such as about single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and sequence patterns that can correlate sequence structure to functional motifs. 

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