Timescales, mixing

Wingenter O. W., Blake D. R., Blake N. J., Sive B. C., Rowland F. S., Atlas E., and Flocke F. (1999) Tropospheric hydroxyl and atomic chlorine concentrations, and mixing timescales determined from hydrocarbon and halocarbon measurements made over the Southern Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 21819-21828. 

Smalley et al. studied the rates at which pressure differences, contact differences, density differences and chemical compositional differences equilibrate in a simplified reservoir model. They supply analytical solutions, supported by numerical simulations. These solutions should prove useful for screening studies, by comparing the various mixing timescales with the time available since the reservoir was filled. This is a much quicker process than building and running a full-scale reservoir model. 

As discussed earlier, the deep ocean equilibrates with the surface ocean on the scale of 300-1000 years, and by injecting anthropogenic CO2 into the deep ocean, the surface-to-deep mixing timescale is effectively bypassed. Anthropogenic CO2 also... 

A dramatic ligand effect was observed for the oxygenation reaction of [Cu(NMe2-TMPA)] formation of the superoxo compound occurs within the mixing timescale, and peroxo formation is delayed for two reasons 1) the equilibrium is considerably larger than for R = MeO and H, and 2) the rapid rate (according to k- depletes Cu as most of it is bound as Cu -... 

Scaling laws are simple. However, the conclusion based on scaling is not always directly applicable to microsystem. Let us consider an example of mixing in mierosystems. The question is whether mixing time can be reduced in microfluidic system by agitating the fluids. This can be answered using the mixing timescale by convection and diffusion mechanisms. We can write the hydrodynamic transport time as... 

PMS stars with M < 0.35 M0 have a simple structure - they are fully convective balls of gas all the way to the ZAMS. As the star contracts along its Hayashi track the core heats up, but the temperature gradient stays very close to adiabatic except in the surface layers. Li begins to burn in p, a reactions when the core temperature, Tc reaches c 3x 106 K and, because the reaction is so temperature sensitive (oc Tc16-19 at typical PMS densities) and convective mixing so very rapid, all the Li is burned in a small fraction of the Kelvin-Helmholtz timescale (see Fig. 1). 

Virus infected plants Yield, timescale, mixed infections, epitope presentation systems Construct size limitations... 

---