Mixing homogeneous liquids

Mixing of fluids is necessary in many chemical processes. It may include mixing of liquid vith liquid, gas with liquid, or solids with liquid. Agitation of these fluid masses does not necessarily imply any significant amount of actual intimate and homogeneous distribution of the fluids or particles, and for this reason mixing requires a definition of degree and/or purpose to properly define the desired state of the system. 

In your laboratory work you will deal mostly with liquid solutions. Liquid solutions can be made by mixing two liquids (for example, alcohol and water), by dissolving a gas in a liquid (for example, carbon dioxide and water), or by dissolving a solid in a liquid (for example, sugar and water). The result is a homogeneous system containing more than one substance—a solution. In such a liquid, each component is diluted by the other component. In salt water, the salt... 

C14-0034. Describe the dispersals and constraints that accompany the following processes (a) Ocean waves wash away a sand castle, (b) Water and acetone, two liquids, mix to form a homogeneous liquid solution, (c) In the child s game pick up sticks, a bundle of sticks is dropped to the floor, (d) Water evaporates from a puddle after a summer shower. 

Two compounds which mix together to give a single, homogeneous liquid phase. 

Reference Material Material or substance whose property values are sufficiently homogeneous and well-established so as to be used for the calibration of an apparatus, the assessment of a measurement method, or for assigning values to materials. (Note A reference material may be in the form of a pure or mixed gas, liquid, or solid. Examples include synthetic mixtures such as calibration solutions used in chemical analysis as well as materials based on natural environmental samples such as sediments.)... 

If two low-molecular-weight liquids are united they will either mix homogeneously or separate into two phases. Which of the two cases occurs depends on whether the free energy AG increases or decreases during the mixing process ... 

Aluminum Chloride-Based Alkylation. An improved aluminum chloride-based process was developed by Monsanto in the 1970s. Using a presynthesized aluminum chloride complex and operating the reactor at higher temperature and pressure, the catalyst inventory is reduced to below its solubility in the reaction mixture. The reactants and the catalyst complex are mixed in the reactor to form a homogeneous liquid. The transalkylation... 

To summarize, even mixing simple liquid molecules, one-phase, homogeneous, and compatible mixture is by no means prevalent, and the demarkation of homogeneity and heterogeneity is not always unequivocal. 

Mix 100 g (0.6 mol) of pure p-nitrobenzoic acid (Expt 6.149) and 126g (0.6 mol) of pure phosphorus pentachloride in a 500-ml round-bottomed flask. Fit the flask with a calcium chloride guard-tube and connect the latter to a gas absorption device (e.g. Fig. 2.61). Heat the flask on a water bath, with occasional shaking, until the reaction commences and then for a further 30 minutes or until the vigorous evolution of hydrogen chloride has almost ceased a pale yellow homogeneous liquid is formed. Attach a Claisen still-... 

Digital simulation based on an appropriate mathematical model is the best tool in order to understand the dynamic behaviour of the column We used a set of equations which models every stage as an heterogeneous two-phase system consisting of the two totally mixed homogeneous phases vapour and liquid (Figure 2). 

Transfer 20 mL of sample into a 500-mL separator, add a solution of 20 g of sodium hydroxide in 50 mL of water, stopper the separator, and wrap it securely in a towel for protection against the heat of the reaction. Shake the mixture vigorously for about 5 min, cautiously opening the stopcock from time to time to permit the escape of air. Continue shaking the mixture vigorously until a homogeneous liquid results, then distill, and collect about 25 mL of the distillate. Add 1 drop of dilute phosphoric acid (1 20) and 1 drop of a 1 20 solution of potassium permanganate to 1 drop of the distillate. Mix, allow to stand for 1 min, and add, drop wise, a 1 20 solution of sodium bisulfite until the color disappears. If a brown color remains, add 1 drop of the dilute phosphoric acid. Add to the colorless solution 5 mL of a freshly prepared 1 2000 solution of chromotropic acid in 75% sulfuric acid, and heat on a steam bath for 10 min at 60°. No violet color appears. 

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