Mixed-phase electrolytes

Addition of both ion-conducting and inert ceramics enhances the conductivity of a polymer electrolyte. This increase is attributed to an increase in volume fraction of the amorphous phase [133-136]. No 

LiA102, which participate in the conduction process, rather than inert materials such as SiOj. 

Adapted from B. Kumar, L G. Scanlon, J. Power Sources, 

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Table 4. Components of some mixed-phase electrolytes which have been investigated...

Production. In large-scale production, lead or lead oxide is reacted with nitric acid to give lead nitrate solutions, which are then mixed with sodium dichromate solution. If the precipitation solutions contain sulfate, lead sulfochromate is formed as a mixed-phase pigment. After stabilization the pigment is filtered off, washed until free of electrolyte, dried, and ground. 

Chemists and physicists must always formulate correctly the constraints which crystal structure and symmetry impose on their thermodynamic derivations. Gibbs encountered this problem when he constructed the component chemical potentials of non-hydrostatically stressed crystals. He distinguished between mobile and immobile components of a solid. The conceptual difficulties became critical when, following the classical paper of Wagner and Schottky on ordered mixed phases as discussed in chapter 1, chemical potentials of statistically relevant SE s of the crystal lattice were introduced. As with the definition of chemical potentials of ions in electrolytes, it turned out that not all the mathematical operations (9G/9n.) could be performed for SE s of kind i without violating the structural conditions of the crystal lattice. The origin of this difficulty lies in the fact that lattice sites are not the analogue of chemical species (components). 

Mock B, Evans LB, Chen CC. Thermodynamic representation of phase equilibria of mixed-solvent electrolyte systems. AIChE J 1986 32 1655-1664. 

Reactive absorption processes occur mostly in aqueous systems, with both molecular and electrolyte species. These systems demonstrate substantially non-ideal behavior. The electrolyte components represent reaction products of absorbed gases or dissociation products of dissolved salts. There are two basic models applied for the description of electrolyte-containing mixtures, namely the Electrolyte NRTL model and the Pitzer model. The Electrolyte NRTL model [37-39] is able to estimate the activity coefficients for both ionic and molecular species in aqueous and mixed solvent electrolyte systems based on the binary pair parameters. The model reduces to the well-known NRTL model when electrolyte concentrations in the liquid phase approach zero [40]. 

Debye-Hiickel theory — The interactions between the ions inside an electrolyte solution result in a nonideal behavior as described with the concepts of mixed-phase thermodynamics. Assuming only electrostatic (i.e., coulombic) interactions - Debye and - Hiickel suggested a model describing these interactions resulting in - activity coefficients y suitable for further thermodynamic considerations. Their model is based on several simplifications ... 

By analogy with photosensitive anodic films appearing over the surface of silicon during its treatment in fluorine-containing electrolytes, it can be suggested that the built-in film represents a mixed phase of electrochemical reaction products or results from the anodized surface amorphization [27,28]. In its turn, this indicates that under potentiostatic conditions the chemical processes at the SiC/HF junction are predominant. The results obtained emphasize that not every porous-like phase formed as a result of SiC anodization can be considered as PSC. 

Lippkow and Strehblow [95] studied the effect of temperature on copper selenide deposition from an electrolyte similar to that used by Vedel et al. and found that the Cu2Se phase was preferred when deposition was carried out at 80 C, whereas a mixed phase of Cu2Se and CuSe2 was formed at lower temperatures. 

Wang P, Anderko A, Young RD (2004) Modeling viscosity of concentrated and mixed-solvent electrolyte systems. Fluid Phase Equil 226 71-82. doi 10.1016/j.fluid.2004.09.008... 

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