Mistakes rule based

Mistakes occur when an incorrect action takes place but the person involved believes the action to be correct. A mistake involves an incorrect judgement. There are two types of mistake - rule-based and knowledge-based. 

With regard to mistakes, two separate mechanisms operate. In the rule-based mode, an error of intention can arise if an incorrect diagnostic rule is used. For example, a worker who has considerable experience in operating a batch reactor may have learned diagnostic rules that are inappropriate for continuous process operations. If he or she attempts to apply these rules to evaluate the cause of a continuous process disturbance, a misdiagnosis could result, which could then lead to an inappropriate action. In other situations, there is a tendency to overuse diagnostic rules that have been successful in the past. 

Rule-based At the middle level, these are performance tasks that involve actions governed by training and procedures that are executed consistently by different operators across a facility. These typically correspond to written procedures learned in operations and maintenance classrooms and on-the-job training. An example of a mistake associated with rule-based performance is the omission of a step in a formal written procedure. 

Rule based mistakes occur when the person already knows some rule or procedure, acquired as the result of training or experience. Rule based mistakes may occur through applying the wrong rule, such as treating someone for asthma when you should follow the guidelines for pneumonia. Alternatively, the mistake may occur because the procedure itself is faulty deficient clinical guidelines for instance. 

Skill- and rale-based decisions are the basis of routine activities. As a result, there are more absolute numbers of errors in such decisions, but the percentage of errors is much lower than in knowledge-based decisions. The types of errors in activities based on skill- and rale-based decisions are more likely to be what are called slips and lapses . Slips come from attentional failure, lapses from memory failure - they are two types of unintended actions. The types of errors in knowledge-based decisions are more likely to be what are distinguished as mistakes - errors in planning a path to an outcome. Mistakes are a type of intended action, and may be rule-based or knowledge-based. They occur when the selection of an objective and the means to achieve it are faulty, whether or not the actions go as planned. 

Human errors fall into three groups - slips, lapses and mistakes, which can be further sub-divided into rule-based and knowledge-based mistakes. 

A further relationship exists between these error Qpes and Rasmussen s [3] classic model of skill, rule and knowledge-based behaviour. Slips and l >ses tend to occur at the skill-based level, whereas mistakes occur at the rule-based and knowledge-based levels. Rule-based mistakes are primarily due to mis lied expertise, where some pre-established plan or problem solution is lied inappropriately. Knowl ge-based mistakes generally occur due to a lack of e q)ertise, where no off-the-shelf solution exists and an individual is forced to work out a plan of action fiom first principles. 

Rule-based mistakes have to do with an incorrect recall of a procedure or a misclassification of the situation and the application of a wrong or bad rule. There are also deliberate violations of rules. 

Rule-based behavior Stereotype fixation (cue not defining) Recall ineffective (omission of isolated acts, mistakes among alternatives)... 

In Figure 2.6, the slips/mistakes distinction is further elaborated by relating it to the Rasmussen SRK classification of performance discussed earlier. Slips can be described as being due to misapplied competence because they are examples of the highly skilled, well practiced activities that are characteristic of the skill-based mode. Mistakes, on the other hand, are largely confined to the rule and knowledge-based domains. 

It would be a great mistake, however, to try to base a hard-and-fast theory on the denial of the rule as on its assertion. Instances of short stories made out of subjects that could have been expanded into a... 

Article 33.2 ia important I Be sure in making new combinations to give a reference as complete as possible ( full and direct ) to the basionym or replaced synonym ( base ). Many authors after 1 January 1953 have offended against this rule and shamefacedly had to publish another article correcting their mistake (this will of course add to the number of your publications...). The Code has some leniency for errors as is shown by the Examples 4-6 and Art. 

Knowledge-based mistakes occur when well-tried methods or calculation rules are used inappropriately. For example, the depth of the foundations required for a particular building was calculated using a formula. The formula, which assumed a clay soil, was used to calculate the foundation depth in a sandy soil. The resultant building was unsafe. 

Rule and knowledge-based errors are also collectively termed mistakes. They represent intentional actions being incorrectly carried out. Sometimes the error and its evidence are ignored and dismissed due to the operator s belief that they have in fact acted correctly. 

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