Miscellaneous Halides

Masuda et studied the polymerisation of phenylacetylene catalysed by tungsten hexachloride and molybdenum pentachloride in benzene at 30 °C. Water cocatalysis was qualitatively established, although the authors claimed that the monomer itself could also act as a cocatalyst. This conclusion is however in apparent ccxitradiction with the fact that polymer yields were incomplete. The only way to reconcile these two phenomena would be that terminating species were produced capable of inhibiting further initiation. 

The kinetics of the pcdymerisation of isobutylvinylether catalysed by zinc chloride in a mixture of ethylene chloride and heptane were investigated by Bhattacharya and Mukherjee The initial rate of monomer consumption was found to be proportional to the square of the monomer concentraticHi and to the catalyst concentration. The experimental techniques employed certainly left residual moistoire in the systems and water cocatalysis seems most likely. The kinetic results are compatible with an initiation mechanism involving the AdgS intermediate. 

The polymerisation of benzene through repeated nucleophilic substitutions on the rings was studied by Kovacic et al. using ferric chloride as catalyst and water as cocatalyst. This system is of course outeide the realm of cationic polymerisation throu the double bcmd of an olefin, but illustrates well the role of water in Friedel-Crafts polycondensations. The authors showed that the rate of this reaction went throu a maximum at a catalyst/cocatalyst ratio of one and attributed this observation to the high activity of ferric chloride monohydrate  

This initiation mechanism was thought to be followed by propagation involving para-polyphenylation with reduction of ferric chloride to ferrous chloride and formation of an equivalent amount of hydrogen chloride. 

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Esters from carboxylic acids and halides, sulfoxides and miscellaneous compounds... 

Miscellaneous Reactions of Organozinc Reagents 2.06.16.9.1 Catalytic reactions of alkylzinc halides with a-chloroketones... 

Upper respiratory toxicants include hydrogen halides (hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide), oxides (nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, sodium oxide), and hydroxides (ammonium hydroxide, sodium dusts, and potassium hydroxides). Lower respiratory toxicants include monomers (such as acrylonitrile), halides (fluorine, chlorine, bromine), and other miscellaneous... 

Cross-Coupling Reactions of Allenes Producing Compounds with an Intact 1,2-Diene Moiety 849 Cross-Coupling Reactions of Allenyl Halides 849 Cross-Coupling Reactions of Allenylmetal Compounds 856 Cross-Coupling Reactions of a-Substituted Allenes 860 Cross-Coupling Reactions of Allenes at the Central Position 862 Synthesis of Alkynes 870 Miscellaneous Reactions 872 Conclusion 873... 

Miscellaneous. A number of reports of the synthesis of unusual heterocyclic phosphines have appeared. Improved procedures for the synthesis of l,3,5-triaza-7-phospha-adamantane (48) have been reported,40-41 and the triazaphosphahomo-adamantane (49) has also been prepared.42 Routes to the large ring phosphacyclo-alkanes (50) have been described,43 and the bicyclic diphosphine (51) has been isolated from the reaction of white phosphorus with o-dichlorobenzene in the presence of transition-metal halides.44... 

A variety of miscellaneous elements can also occur in a residual fuel oil fraction. For example, chlorine is present as a chlorinated hydrocarbon and can be determined (ASTM D808, D1317, D6160). A rapid test method suitable for analysis of samples by nontechnical personnel is also available (ASTM D5384) and uses a commercial test kit where the oil sample is reacted with metallic sodium to convert organic halogens to halide, which is titrated with mercuric nitrate using diphenyl carbazone indicator. Iodides and bromides are reported as chloride. 

The next five chapters deal with deposition of specific groups of semiconductors. In Chapter 4, II-VI Semiconductors, all the sulphides, selenides, and (what little there is on) tellurides of cadmium (most of the chapter), zinc (a substantial part), and mercury (a small part). (Oxides are left to a later chapter.) This chapter is, understandably, a large one, due mainly to the large amount of work carried out on CdS and to a lesser extent on CdSe. Chapter 5, PbS and PbSe, provides a separate forum for PbS and PbSe, which provided much of the focus for CD in earlier years. The remaining sulphides and selenides are covered in Chapter 6, Other Sulphides and Selenides. There are many of these compounds, thus, this is a correspondingly large chapter. Chapter 7, Oxides and Other Semiconductors, is devoted mainly to oxides and some hydroxides, as well as to miscellaneous semiconductors that have only been scantily studied (elemental selenium and silver halides). These previous chapters have been limited to binary semiconductors, made up of two elements (with the exception of elemental Se). Chapter 8, Ternary Semiconductors, extends this list to semiconductors composed of three elements, whether two different metals (most of the studies) or two different chalcogens. 

Propargyl alcohols may be converted to allenes by several methods, for example, (a) through the intermediate formation of propargyl halides which are not isolated but react directly with cuprous salts and hydrogen halide [60, 72-73] or cyanide [71] (b) typical alcohol reactions with thionyl chloride [74a-d] phosphorus halides [75-77], and miscellaneous reagents (see Scheme 3). 

A number of nickel(II) alkoxyhalides of the types Ni(OMe)X, Ni3(OMe)5X, Ni3(OMe)4X2 (X = halides) and Ni(OMe)Cl MeOH were prepared by reacting either NaOMe or LiOMe with anhydrous nickel halides in methanol.1495 The structures of these complexes which exhibit ferromagnetic behaviour are thought to involve cubane-type clusters. Other complexes with miscellaneous ligands containing the OH function are collected in Table 76. 

N-Phenylselenophthalimide, 245 Additions involving selenium Benzeneselenenyl halides, 26 N-Phenylselenophthalimide, 245 Miscellaneous reagents Aluminum chloride, 15 Lithium bis(dimethylphenyl-silyl)cuprate, 161 Organotin reagents, 211 Addition reactions to carbonyl... 

Lithium butyldimethylzincate, 221 Lithium sec-butyldimethylzincate, 221 Organolithium reagents, 94 Organotitanium reagents, 213 Palladium(II) chloride, 234 Titanium(III) chloride-Diisobutylalu-minum hydride, 303 Tributyltin chloride, 315 Tributyl(trimethylsilyl)tin, 212 3-Trimethylsilyl-l, 2-butadiene, 305 Zinc-copper couple, 348 Intramolecular conjugate additions Alkylaluminum halides, 5 Potassium t-butoxide, 252 Tetrabutylammonium fluoride, 11 Titanium(IV) chloride, 304 Zirconium(IV) propoxide, 352 Miscellaneous reactions 2-(Phenylseleno)acrylonitrile, 244 9-(Phenylseleno)-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]-nonane, 245 Quina alkaloids, 264 Tributyltin hydride, 316 Conjugate reduction (see Reduction reactions)... 

Formaldehyde 52 Dimethyl Terephthalate 4 Methyl Methacrylate 4 Methyl Halides and Methyl Amines 8 Acetic Acid 6 MTBE 4 Single Cell Protein <1 Solvents 8 Miscellaneous 14... 

Esters from Carboxylic Acids and Halides, Sulfoxides, and Miscellaneous compounds. 

SECTION 150 .Halides and Sulfonates from Miscellaneous Compounds... 

The principal sources (Scheme 20) of nitrile oxides comprise hydroximoyl halides and oximes nitrolic acids and their precursors and primary nitroalkanes. In addition there is a range of miscellaneous methods of generation which can be applied in particular instances. 

Miscellaneous bromine uses are in catalysts, fluxes, precious metal recovery, hair care products, food additives, flotation agents in ore treatment, solvents, refrigerants, quartz-halide light bulbs, some lasers, some photovoltaic batteries, and some electrically conductive polymers. 

Other miscellaneous syntheses that have benefited from the introduction of dppf to the catalytic mixture include the coupling reactions of aryl triflates or halides with ketene trimethylsilyl acetals [165], The catalyst mixture is [Pd(OAc)(i -C4H7)]2/LiOAc/phos-phine. In this case, nucleophilic activation of the Si-O bond of the acetal enables an Si-Pd transmetalation to give a a-complex 52 without necessitating a phosphine... 

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