Miscellaneous graft copolymerizations

An entirely different procedure can be used to form graft copolymers by a step-growth polymerization [347]. Formaldehyde is condensed with either phenol, p-cresol, orp-nonyl phenol and the resin is attached to either nylon 6, nylon 6,6, nylon 6,10, or nylon 11 backbones. Initially, the formaldehyde 

Yagci and coworkers reported a special preparation of perfectly alternating poly(p-phenylene) amphilitic graft copolymers by combination of controlled free-radical polymerization and Suzuki coupling process [345]. 

These polymers consist of two or more strands of different polymers attached to each other. There does not appear to be any general stipulation to the minimum size of each block. There does appear to be, however, a general agreement that each sequence should be larger than just a few units. In describing a block copolymer, it is helpful if the following structural parameters are available to characterize the material  

Copolymer sequence distribution as well as the length and the number of blocks. 

The average molecular weight and the molecular weight distributirai of the blocks and of the copolymer. 

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VI. Other Addition Reactions to Double Bonds Vn. Oxidation Reactions of Polymers Vin. Functionalization of Polymers IX. Miscellaneous Chemical Reactions of Polymers X. Block and Graft Copolymerization References... 

Miscellaneous Copolymers. VP has been employed as a termonomer with various acryUc monomer—monomer combinations, especially to afford resins usehil as hair fixatives. Because of major differences in reactivity, VP can be copolymerized with alpha-olefins, but the products are actually PVP grafted with olefin or olefin oligomers (151,152). Likewise styrene can be polymerized in the presence of PVP and the resulting dispersion is unusually stable, suggesting that this added resistance to separation is caused by some grafting of styrene onto PVP (153). The Hterature contains innumerable references to other copolymers but at present (ca 1997), those reviewed in this article are the only ones known to have commercial significance. 

XS = sulfonation, M = methylolation, MO = miscellaneous oxidation, G = grafting, P = phenolation, CM = carboxymethylation, MAC = maleic anhydride copolymerization, MCR = miscellaneous carboxyla-tion reactions, E = epichlorohydrin (also in conjunction with pheno-lated lignin), A = alkoxylation (i.e., ethylene, propylene, and butylene oxides), M+EP = modification with compounds containing unsaturated end groups ( divalent hydrocarbons ) followed by epoxidation with peroxide, MA = methacrylic acid. 

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