Minor losses

The minor loss coefficient depends on the Reynolds number because this dependency is weak, it is normally ignored. The minor loss coefficients for different resistances are given in textbooks. 

For a special fan situation, a straight air duct of uniform cross-sectional area is used on the leaving side. The outgoing velocity Cj is the same as the fan leaving velocity C2. The only minor loss is the outgoing loss = pcT Another part of the pressure drop is the frictional pressure drop Ap, . Equation (9.127) gives... 

Because the pipes are long, the kinetic energy of the fluid and minor losses at the entry to the pipes may be neglected. 

Evaluate the potential consequences associated with major and minor loss-of-containment events and other possible emergency situations involving the hazardous materials and energies ana take this information into account in the process of site selection and facility layout and the evaluation of the adequacy of personnel, public, and environmental protection (Source Models, Atmospheric Dispersion, Estimation of Damage Effects). 

The strategy towards CO tolerance has therefore been changed, towards the development of proton conducting polymers suitable for high-temperature operation of the PEMFC, i.e., 120 °C and higher. It is already demonstrated [68] that at this temperature, 1000 ppm CO leads to only minor loss of performance. The high temperature operation will be further addressed in the final section of this chapter. 

Compared to denitrification rates, burial in the sediments is a minor loss of nitrogen from the oceans. Current estimates suggest that shelf sediments are the major site of denitrification (14TgNy ) with a minor contribution from the sediments in the open ocean (0.8TgN ). 

Compounds frozen in DMSO are generally stable. However, the number of ffeeze/thaw cycles must be kept to a minimum to avoid compound loss. Compound loss is mainly due to precipitation, whereas compound loss due to degradation is negligible (no additional peaks are detected in the HPLC analysis). It has been reported that 10 M stock solutions can undergo more than 10 freeze/thaw cycles with no significant effect on compound stability. Long-term storage of compounds at room temperature in DMSO, over a three-month period, is also possible with only minor loss of compound. Kozikowski etal observed a less than 20% loss after three months in 92% of the cases. 

Aminocarbonylation provides an efficient method for the synthesis of carboxamides from readily available alkenyl halides. This reaction finds many applications in organic synthesis, especially for the introduction of amides with a variety of A -substituents. For example, steroidal alkenyl iodide 137 was transformed to the corresponding amide derivative 138 in 88% yield through aminocarbonylation (Equation (10)). In this reaction, the palladium catalyst was recovered by using an ionic liquid, l-butyl-3-methylimidazolium salt 139, as reaction media, and reused five times with only a minor loss of activity. ... 

The 2-methyl-l,3-cyclohexanedione thus obtained (Note 9) can be purified by recrystallization from 95% ethanol, using about 20 ml. of ethanol for each 5 g. of product to give colorless crystals, m.p. 208-210° dec., with only minor loss of material. 

Reaction of l,1,l-trifluoropropan-2-one with 30% hydrogen peroxide in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid affords the tetraoxane 6 in good yield.192 This very interesting hygroscopic white solid can be stored at 0 C with only minor loss due to decomposition (< 2%), even after 3 weeks.192... 

Most modern LC/MS systems are equipped with replaceable ESI and ISI interfaces, depending on the types of compounds expected in the effluent. Agilent Technologies has recently released a multimode source capable of ionizing all compound types with only minor loss in sensitivity compared with dedicated sources. If this interface meets its initial claims and can be retrofitted to other LC/MS systems, it could rapidly replace either of the other two interfaces for general applications instruments. 

Figure 1 shows the kinetics of polyol productionby D. hansenii grown in both hydrolysate medium (Fig. 1A) and concentrated hydrolysate medium (Fig. IB). During the hydrolysate concentration, a minor loss of monosaccharide occurred and furfural was evaporated. All other components were concentrated, although some components such as acetic acid were partially lost during evaporation. Significant foam formation was observed during evaporation and vacuum filtration. 

The flow in pipe fittings, e.g. bends and valves, is generally too complex to determine theoretically. For turbulent flow, these minor losses are approximately equal to the square of the flow velocity. Thus, we define a loss coefficient, K,... 

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