Mining residues

The lipid A from some species, belonging to Rhodopseudomonas, Pseudomonas, and some other groups of bacteria, contains 2,3-diamino-2,3-di-deoxy-D-glucose instead of the usual disaccharide composed of D-glucosa-mine residues connected by a) -( 6) linkage. ... 

Due to the increasing cost of energy, the need to preserve the environment, and the non-existence or exhaustion of suitable natural raw materials in some areas, industrial and other waste materials are of interest as possible raw materials or supplementary fuels or both. Energy can be saved if even a part of the CaO can be provided by a material, such as blastfurnace slag, that does not require decarbonation. Supplementary fuels include such materials as used or reject tyres and pulverized household refuse, which can be introduced into the system in various ways. Some materials, such as pulverized fuel ash (pfa fly ash) can serve as raw materials that also possess some fuel content. Other wastes that have been used include calcium silicate residues from aluminium extraction, mining residues, and precipitated calcium carbonate from various industries. 

Dill H. G., PoIImann H., Bosecker K., Hahn L., and Mwiya S. (2002) Supergene mineralization in mining residues of the Matchless cupreous pyrite deposit (Namibia)— a clue to the origin of modern and fossil duricrusts in semiarid climates. J. Geochem. Explor. 75, 43-70. 

Surface strip mining of coal destroys the native vegetation at the mine site. The topsoil is sufficiently disturbed that it is difficult to rehabilitate the site and re-start the native growth pattern. Oxidation of waste coal and mine residues produces sulfuric acid and releases toxic materials such as arsenic, selenium and beryllium. These leach into the ground water and drain into streams and lakes. At a minimum, these materials strongly alter the types of plant and animal life able to survive in their presence. At the worst, they kill all life near the mine. 

Underground mines damage a smaller area of the surface than do surface strip mines. The non-fuel rock taken from the mine is contaminated with bits and pieces of coal. It is usually placed in large piles in a limited area. Around these piles, the toxic mine residues are concentrated and little or no plant life can survive. This effect lasts for a long time. These areas are smaller but often more toxic than those produced hy strip mining. In many respects, the surface effects of strip and underground mines are similar in kind and only differ in degree. 

The requirements for a river basin-wide sediment concept will be even more challenging than the actual Water Framework Directive. It will include inventories of interim depots within the catchment area (underground and surficial mining residues, river-dams, lock-reservoirs), integrated studies on hydromechanical, biological and geochemistry processes, risk assessments on sedimentary biocoenoses, and last -but not least - the development of decision tools for sustainable technical measures on a river basin scale, including sediment aspects. 

Solid waste Nonliquid, nonsoluble materials, ranging from municipal garbage to industrial wastes, that contain complex, and sometimes hazardous, substances. Solid wastes include sewage, sludge, agricultural refuse, demolition wastes, mining residues, and even liquids and gases in containers. 

Biester H, Gosar M, Covelli S. Mercury speciation in sediments affected by dumped mining residues in the drainage area of the Idrija Mercury Mine, Slovenia, Environ Sci Teclmol 2000, 34, 3330-6. 

It should be noted that the sialyl- and fucosyltransferases of pork hver have identical substrate specificities, i.e., both enzymes require a terminal galactosyl residue Unked (fi, l- 4) to a penultimate N-acetylglucosa-mine residue. Thus the ratio of siaUc acid to fucose in plasma glycoproteins is due at least in part to a competition between the two transferases for available galactosyl-()3, 1->4)-N-acetylglucosamine sites. There is no evidence that structures internal to this disaccharide play a major role in either fucose or siahc acid incorporation. 

Desired minerals are always mixed with other rocks that must be separated. In many cases, particularly for more valuable metals, the mineral that is sought is less than 1% of the ore. This requires processing of the ore, a procedure called beneficiation, which produces relatively large amounts of finely divided by-product rock. For economic reasons, beneficiation is usually carried out at the mine site with the residues returned to the mine or left in piles at the site. As a result, water pollution problems may develop from the leaching of mine spoils. Some communities in the vicinity of lead mines have been contaminated by lead from mine residues, with particular concern over the health of exposed children. Spoils from iron mining in Minnesota have contaminated water with an asbestos-like mineral associated with the iron ore, requiring remedial action that has cost millions of dollars. Enormous piles of tar-contaminated sand are left over from the extraction by hot water of heavy crude oil from tar sands in the Canadian province of Alberta. 

Levy, D. B., Custis, K. H., Casey, W. H. Rock, P. A. 1997. A comparison of metal attenuation in mine residue and overburden material from an abandoned copper mine. Applied Geochemistry, 12, 203-212. 

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