Microreactors scale

Microreactor scale-up is built upon the premise of numbering up channels. Figure 11.1. A single channel is demonstrated with the same geometry and fluid hydrodynamics as a full-scale reactor. Numbering up rehes on creating a massively... 

Figure 12.1 shows photographs of the Texas Instruments DieMate Known Good Die socket used for the final microreactor packaging scheme. The particular DieMate socket chosen for the microreactor scale-up system was the 110-pin version (Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX, P/N GBGllO 004 K) since this could accommodate the required sensors. 

Pohar A, Plazl I, Znidarsi-Plazl P (2009) Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of isoamyl acetate in an ionic liquid/n-heptane two-phase system at the microreactor scale. Lab Chip 9(23) 3385-3390... 

Reactor Types Design of Microreactors Scale-up and Operational Maps... 

The following are some of the reasons that microreactors can be be used (i) reduced mass and heat transfer limitations, (ii) high area to volume ratio, (iii) safer operation, and (iv) ease of seating up by numbering out. The advantages of scaling down zeolite membranes are that it could be easier to create defect-free membranes and... 

Microwave technology has now matured into an established technique in laboratory-scale organic synthesis. In addition, the application of microwave heating in microreactors is currently being investigated in organic synthesis reactions [9-11] and heterogeneous catalysis [12, 13]. However, most examples of microwave-assisted chemistry published until now have been performed on a... 

In this way, the operational range of the Kolbe-Schmitt synthesis using resorcinol with water as solvent to give 2,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid was extended by about 120°C to 220°C, as compared to a standard batch protocol under reflux conditions (100°C) [18], The yields were at best close to 40% (160°C 40 bar 500 ml h 56 s) at full conversion, which approaches good practice in a laboratory-scale flask. Compared to the latter, the 120°C-higher microreactor operation results in a 130-fold decrease in reaction time and a 440-fold increase in space-time yield. The use of still higher temperatures, however, is limited by the increasing decarboxylation of the product, which was monitored at various residence times (t). 

Taghavi-Moghadam, S., Golbig, K., Microreactors application of CYTOS -technology from laboratory to production scale, MST News 3 (2002) 36-38. 

Stainless steel is the material of choice for process chemistry. Consequently, stainless steel microreactors have been developed that include complete reactor process plants and modular systems. Reactor configurations have been tailored from a set of micromixers, heat exchangers, and tube reactors. The dimensions of these reactor systems are generally larger than those of glass and silicon reactors. These meso-scale reactors are primarily of interest for pilot-plant and fine-chemical applications, but are rather large for synthetic laboratories interested in reaction screening. The commercially available CYTOS Lab system (CPC 2007), offers reactor sizes with an internal volume of 1.1 ml and 0.1 ml, and modular microreactor systems (internal reactor volumes 0.5 ml to... 

Overall, the microreactor provides greater safety for individuals and equipment and reduces the likelihood of loss of process and the consequent disruption and even loss of sales that can follow. In common with other fine chemical manufacturers, most pharmaceutical companies have programs to capture the benefits of flow microreactors as adjuncts to or even replacements for their current batch methods for scaling up production of candidate molecules to satisfy clinical and manufacturing needs. This paper attempts to demonstrate that microreactors can be deployed more widely in pharmaceutical R D than as a tool for enhanced production and that they have the potential to underpin significant paradigm shifts in both early- and late-phase R D. 

De Mas N, Gunther A, Kraus T, Schmidt MA, Jensen KF (2005) Scaled-out multilayer gas-liquid microreactor with integrated velocimetry sensors. Ind Eng Chem Res 44 8997-9013... 

Gas-Liquid Processing Scale-out Falling Film Microreactor. . . 225... 

Fig. 13. a,b Scaled-out large falling film microreactor for pilot operation at tenfold capacity increase compared to the laboratory falling film microreactor... 

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