Encapsulated microorganism

Clnkotai (33) in 1976 reported that byssinosis correlates with the activity of trypsin-like enzymes in cardroom dust and with the concentration of 1-2 ym, and 2-4 ym particle fractions. These fractions contained the viable microorganisms carrying pro-tealytic enzymes. The enzymes were also present in wool mills (no byssinosis) but were considered to be encapsulated in microorganisms. ... 

Potential treatment and disposal methods for drilling fluids include (1) fluid ejection, (2) pit and solids encapsulation, (3) injection into safe formations, (4) removal to disposal sites off location, (5) incineration, (6) microorganism processing, and (7) distillation, liquid extraction, and chemical fixation [13]. 

The resident microbes within the mouth readily form biofilms on teeth. A biofilm consists of a population of bacteria coexisting in an orderly structure at the interface of a solid and a liquid [14] and, within a biofilm, bacteria living in colonies encapsulated in a matrix of extracellular polymer. Oral biofilms are known to vary extensively in structure throughout the colony, with regions of densely packed microorganisms surrounded by open water channels. Each type of bacteria exists in reasonably defined environments which are influenced by surrounding cells, distance from the outer surface and local structure, all of which influence availability of nutrients and ambient pH. 

Levinson, W. E., Stormo, K.E., Tao, H-I. Crawford, R. L. (1994). Hazardous waste treatment using encapsulated or entrapped microorganisms. In Biological Degradation and Bioremediation of Toxic Chemicals, ed. G. R. Chaudhry, pp. 455-69- Portland, OR Timber Press. 

Lin, J-E., Mueller, J.G. Pritchard, P. H. (1992). Use of encapsulated microorganisms as inoculants for bioremediation. American Chemical Society s Special Session on Bioremediation of Soils and Sediments, September 21-23 (1992), Atlanta, Georgia. 

Addition of microorganisms and enzymes stimulates the biodegradation of xenobiotics in soils. Most efforts have been directed toward the use of bacterial inocula grown in large fermenters for the bioremediation of soils contaminated with PCP. Also, microbial immobilization on bark chips or their encapsulation in polyurethane or alginate, enhances their PCP-degrading ability as well as their resistance to PCP toxicity. 

For many biocontrol applications, a solid matrix that could entrap or encapsulate microorganisms is advantageous. The use of a chemical reaction between sodium alginate (NaAlg) and calcium ions to make granules containing any of a wide variety of mycoherbicides was introduced in 1983 (46). 

The possible variation in numbers and species of microorganisms found in soil and the physical conditions of their location are unlimited. Spores found in soil can be located at any point on or within the particle. Spores can become completely encapsulated in soil particles through the various soil wetting and drying cycles, which can increase resistance by a factor of 10. ... 

If the target microbes are covered or encapsulated under a protective layer of organic soil, such as serum, blood, food residues, or fecal matter, they are more difficult to kill. If the organic soil adsorbs the QAC, it reduces tlie amount available for attacking the microorganism(s). Test procedures have been described to evaluate activity in the presence of organic soil loads [35],... 

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