Microcirculation flow

Dipyridamole increases coronary blood circulation, increases oxygen flow to the myocardium, potentiates adenosine activity, and impedes its metabolization. It inhibits aggregation of thrombocytes, blocks phosphodiesterase, increases microcirculation, and inhibits the formation of thrombocytes. 

Isatis chinensis (Thunb.) Nakai I. chinensis (Thunb.) Nakai var. graminifoba (Ledeb.) H. C. Fu I. tinctoria L. Ban Lan Gen (leaf, root) Quercetin, kaempferol, stachyose, manneotetrose, lupeose, cicerose, isatan, indoxyl-5-ketogluconate.50 Antiviral, antibacterial, increase blood flow, improve microcirculation, lower blood pressue. 

Isatis tinctoria L. China Quercetin, kaempferol, stachyose, manneotetrose, lupeose, cicerose, isatan, indoxyl-5-ketogluconate.50 Antiviral, antibacterial, increase blood flow, improve microcirculation, lower blood pressure. 

The bile canaliculi form a network, which feed into ductules, which become bile ducts (Fig. 6.3). The structural and functional unit of the liver is the lobule, which is usually described in terms of the hepatic acinus (Fig. 6.5), based on the microcirculation in the lobule. When the lobule is considered in structural terms, it may be described as either a classical or a portal lobule (see "Glossary"). The acinus comprises a unit bounded by two portal tracts and terminal hepatic or central venules, where a portal tract is composed of a portal venule, bile ductile, and hepatic arteriole (Fig. 6.5). Blood flows from the portal tract toward the central... 

Wang J, Whitt SP, Rubin LJ, Huxley VH (2005) Differential coronary microvascular exchange responses to adenosine roles of receptor and microvessel subtypes. Microcirculation 12(4) 313-326 Willems L, Headrick JP (2007) Contractile effects of adenosine, coronary flow and perfusion pressure in murine myocardium. Pflugers Arch 453(4t 433—441 Woodiwiss AJ, Honey man TW, Fenton RA, Dobson LG (1999) Adenosine A2A-receptor activation enhances cardiomyocyte shortening via Ca2+-independent and-dependent mechanisms. Am J Physiol 276(5 Pt 2) H1434-H1441... 

The effects of pycnogenol on circulation can be seen as the outcome of two different activities — relaxation of arterial walls and increase of capillary resistance. The combination of these effects results in an increase of peripheral blood flow and a facilitation of microcirculation. Early studies suggested a strong vasoactivity of procyanidins extracted from sources such as wine and grape seed, which have recently been confirmed for pycnogenol. 

Waltz AG, Sundt TM Jr (1968) Influence of systemic blood pressure on blood flow and microcirculation of ischemic cerebral cortex a failure of autoregulation. Prog Brain Res 30 107-112... 

Seifalian, AM., Piasecki, C., Agarwal, A., Davidson, B.R. The effect of graded steatosis on flow in the hepatic parenchymal microcirculation. Transplantation 1999 68 780-784... 

Techniques have been developed for study of the renal microcirculation. These techniques have distinct advantages over in vitro endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell preparations. They allow study of important anatomic and physiologic relationships that are lost in isolated cell systems. For example, the effects of both pressure and flow can be determined and the spatial relahonship between the endothelium and smooth muscle is maintained. These techniques permit functional assessment of the resistance micro-vasculature without destroying vessel integrity while eliminating the confounding influence of undetected circulating, neural and parenchymal factors. The techniques are demonstrated in Table 8. 

Limitations of the technique include 1) The induction of hydronephrosis may alter vasoreactivity 2) tubular atrophy eliminates tubular influences on the microcirculation such as those observed in the tubu-loglomerular feedback phenomenon and 3) intrinsic vascular resistances are higher and blood flows lower in hydronephrotic compared to normal kidneys. 

Infusions of AmB, intravenously or into the renal artery, induce short-term reduction in renal blood flow (RBF) and GFR, and an increase in renal vascular resistance, in both rats and dogs [83-85]. The effects of short term infusions of AmB on the renal microcirculation in rats revealed that the single nephron GFR was decreased by 2 mechanisms (Table 1) 1) a decrease in single nephron plasma flow, due to vasoconstriction of the afferent and efferent arterioles, and 2) a reduction in the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf), an effect probably mediated by mesangial cell contraction [86]. Previous micropuncture studies demonstrated a similar vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole but also an increased permeability of the tubular epithelium to inulin [75]. Thus, the reduction in GFR after acute AmB infusions can be attributed to contraction of afferent smooth muscle cells, efferent smooth muscle cells and glomerular mesangial cells, as well as increased tubular permeability with back-leak... 

Piedimonte, G., Hoffman, J.I.E., Husseini, W.K. etal. (1992). Effect of neuropeptides released from sensory nerves on blood flow in the rat airway microcirculation. J. Appl. Physiol. 72, 1563-1570. 

Dobbins, D.E., Soika, C.Y., Premen, A.J., Gre, G.J. and Dabney, J.M. (1982). Blockage of histamine and bradykinin-induced increases in lymph flow, protein concentration, and protein transport by terbutaline invivo. Microcirculation 2, 127-150. 

Hepatic oxygenation, microcirculation, and function were studied by Jiao et al. [Ill] in a recent paper. The blood flow in the liver and its function were also studied directly in a cirrhotic animal model by the same authors [112], Peripheral blood clearance of indocyanine green was shown to be less accurate than direct NIR probes on the liver surface. 

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