Microbiology Acetobacter

Commercially available ascorbic acid still includes isolation from natural sources, such as rose hips, but large-scale production will involve the microbiological approach, i.e., Acetobacter suboxidans oxidative fermentation of calcium d-gluconate or the chemical approach, i.e.. the oxidation of /-sorbose. 

Sterile aqueous D-sorbitol solutions are fermented with Acetobacter subo >gidam ia the presence oflaige amounts of air to complete the microbiological oxidation. The L-sorbose is isolated by crystallization, filtration, and dryiag. Various methods for the fermentation of D-sorbitol have been reviewed (60). Acetobacter suboyydans is the organism of choice as it gives L-sorbose ia >90% yield (61). Large-scale fermentations can be carried out in either batch or continuous modes. In either case, stefihty is important to prevent contamination, with subsequent loss of product. 

Entani, E., Ohmori, S., Masai, H., and Suzuki, K.1.1985. Acetobacter polyoxogenes sp. nov., a new species of an acetic acid bacterium useful for producing vinegar with high acidity. Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 31 475-490. 

Nakano, S., Fukaya, M., and Horinouchi, S. 2006. Putative ABC transporter responsible for acetic acid resistance in Acetobacter aceti. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72 497-505. 

Sievers, M. and Teuber, M. 1995. The microbiology and taxonomy of Acetobacter europaeus in commercial vinegar production. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 79 84-95. 

Sievers, M., Sellmer, S., and Teuber, M. 1992. Acetobacter europaeus sp. nov., a main component of industrial vinegar fermenters in central Europe. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 15 386-392. 

Trcek, J., Raspor, P., Teuber, M. 2000. Molecular identification of Acetobacter isolates from submerged vinegar production, sequence analysis of plasmid pJK2-l and application in the development of a cloning vector. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 53 289-295. 

Du Toit, W.J., Pretorius, I.S., and Lonvaud-Funel, A. 2005. The effect of sulphur dioxide and oxygen on the viability and culturability of a strain of Acetobacter pasteurianus and a strain of Brettanomyces bruxellensis isolated from wine. Journal of Applied Microbiology 98 862-871. 

The dextrans are obtained microbiologically from sucrose by fermentation with microbes from the genera Leuconostoc, Acetobacter and Streptococcus, which contain the enzyme dextransucrase. 

Matsutani, M., Hirakawa, H., Yakushi, T., Matsushita, K. (2011). Genome-wide phylogen-tic analysis of Gluconobacter, Acetobacter and Gluconacetobacter. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 315,122-128. 

Sakurai, K., Aral, H., Ishii, M., Igarashi, Y. (2011). Transcriptome response to different carbon sources in Acetobacter aceti. Microbiology, 3, 899-910. 

SUva, L. R., Cleenwerck, I., Rivas, R., Swings, J., Trujillo, M. E., Wilems, A., et al. (2006). Acetobacter oeni sp. nov. isolated from spoiled red wine. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 56, 21-24. 

Williams, W.S. and Cannon, R.E. 1989. Alternative environmental roles for cellulose produced by Acetobacter xylinum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 55(10) 2448-2452. 

Microbiological conversions, microbiological iranrformaiions conversions of materials occurring in one or more stages, and catalysed by microorganisms. M.c. are the result of microbiological enzyme action, and often have no importance for the microbial cell. Several M.c. are important in the pharmaceutical industry. Examples are the stereospecific conversions of steroids, oxidation of sorbitol to sorbose by Acetobacter suboxydans (in the production of vitamin C), and the addition of acetaldehyde to benzalde-hyde by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The product of this last reaction is phenylacetylcarbinol, a precursor for D-ephedrine synthesis. 

Colvin, J.R., Beer, M., 1960. The formation of cellulose microfibrik in suspensions of Acetobacter xylinum. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 6, 631—637. 

Bae, S., Sugano, Y., Ohi, K., Shoda, M., 2004. Features of bacterial cellulose synthesis in a mutant generated by disruption of the diguanylate cyclase 1 gene of Acetobacter xylinum BPR 2001. AppUed Microbiology and Biotechnology 65, 315—322. 

Ramana, K., Tomar, A., Singh, L., 2000. Effect of various carbon and nitrogen sources on cellulose synthesis by Acetobacter xylinum. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 16, 245—248. 

A synthesis of L-dendroketose (379) has been achieved by microbiological oxidation of 2-C-hydroxymethyl-D-erytftro-pentitol (378) with Acetobacter suboxy-dans (Scheme Acetonation of L-dendroketose (379) gave 1,2 3,4- and... 

Figure 14-7. The distribution of gold particles associated with linear TCs in A. xylinum. (Figure 4 from ICimura, S., Chen, H.P., Saxena, I.M., Brown, Jr. R.M., and Itoh, T. 2001. Localization of c-di-GMP-binding protein with the linear terminal complexes of Acetobacter xylinum. J Bacterid 183 5668-5674. Reproduced with kind permission of the American Society for Microbiology).

Deeraksa A, Moonmangmee S, Toyama H, Yamada M, Adachi O, Matsushita K (2005) Characterization and spontaneous mutation of a novel gene, polE, involved in pellicle formation in Acetobacter tropicalis SKUllOO. Microbiology 151(pt 12) 4111-4120. doi 10.1099/mic.0. 28350-0... 

---