Microbial typing

It must be stressed that the identification of the causative organism(s) may be extremely difficult since it often depends on the quantitative determination of numbers of each microbial type in a complex mixture together with an assessment of its chemical and physical activities in that particular environment. 

Microbial Type Culture Collection Gene Bank (MTCC) (India). 

Miglustat (60 Zavesca ) 1 -Deoxynoj irimycin (DNJ) Iminosugar Semi-synthetic NP Microbial Type 1 Gaucher disease (GDI) Inhibits glucosylceramide synthase activity 215-217, 525-531... 

Fig. 8. Typical IR spectrum of microbial (type II) kerogen. The two insets show specific absorption bands of two other kerogens —720 cm-1 related to long aliphatic chains mostly occurring in type-I kerogen —930 to 700 cm-1 related to aromatic CH (bending out of plane) mostly occuring in very mature kerogen (Adapted from Robin 26>, 1975, in Tissot Welte, 1978)24)...

Phenol coefficient tests were developed in the early 20th century when typhoid fever was a significant public health problem and phenolics were used to disinfect contaminated utensils and other inanimate objects. Details of such tests can be found in earlier editions of this book. However, as non-phenolic disinfectants became more widely available, tests that more closely paralleled the conditions under which disinfectants were being used (e.g. blood spills) and which included a more diverse range of microbial types (e.g. viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa) were developed. Evaluation of a disinfectant s efficacy was based on its ability to kill microbes, i.e. its cidal activity, under environmental conditions mimicking as closely as possible real life situations. As an essential component of each test was a final viability assay, removal or neutralization of any residual disinfectant became a significant consideration. 

Currently, there are many examples of cell processing in the industrial environment using tangential flow filtration. To illustrate the breadth of microbial types which may be processed by this technology, we will discuss three applications which have been in routine operation under production conditions. The applications include cell/growth medium separations directly from fermentors (Escherichia coli and Mycoplasma species) and the concentration/washing of influenza virus used in the production of flu vaccines. 

Microbial Type Culture Collection at IMTECH, Chandigarh... 

Schweizer, E., Hofmann, J. 2004. Microbial type 1 fatty acid synthases (FAS) major players in a network of cellular FAS systems. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 68 501-517. 

MIC Minimum inhibitory concentration MTCC Microbial type culture collection MHA Muller Hinton Agar... 

Spinali S, van Belkum A, Goering RV, Girard V, Welker M, Van Nuenen M, Pincus DH, Arsac M, Durand G. Microbial typing by MALDI-TOF MS Do we need guidance for data interpretation J Clin Microbiol. 2014. doi 10.1128/jcm.01635-14. 

Honisch C, Chen Y, Mortimer C, Arnold C, Schmidt O, van den Boom D, Cantor CR, Shah HN, Gharbia SE. Automated comparative sequence analysis by base-specific cleavage and mass spectrometry for nucleic acid-based microbial typing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 

In parallel with molecular nonculture methods, the well-established methods of enrichment culture are more frequently being applied under anaerobic and other nonstandard conditions in an effort to obtain novel microbial types. This approach also suggests that biodegradative capabilities are more widespread in the microbial world than has been appreciated by some. For example, halophiles have been identified which metabolize nitroarenes, and members of the Heliobacterium group are known that catabolize polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorophenols (O Table 15.2). These and other recent observations are expanding the taxonomic range of bacteria that catabolize environmental pollutants. Further experiments are likely to expand this further. 

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