Microbial degradation xenobiotics

Cook AM, R Hiitter (1981) Degradation of 5-triazines a critical view of biodegradation. In Microbial Degradation of Xenobiotics and Recalcitrant Compounds (Eds T Leisinger, AM Cook, R Hiitter, J Niiesch), pp. 237-249. Academic Press, London. 

The application of substrates isotopically labeled in specific positions makes it possible to follow the fate of individual atoms during the microbial degradation of xenobiotics. Under optimal conditions, both the kinetics of the degradation, and the formation of metabolites may be followed— ideally when samples of the labeled metabolites are available. Many of the classical studies on the microbial metabolism of carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, and amino acids used radioactive... 

Kulla HG (1981) Aerobic bacterial degradation of azo dyes. In Leisinger T, Cook AM, Niiesch J, Hiitter R (eds) Microbial degradation of xenobiotics and recalcitrant compounds. Academic, London, pp 387-399... 

Fewson, C.A. Biodegradation of aromatics with industrial relevance, in FEMS Symp. No. 12. Microbial Degradation of Xenobiotics and Recalcitrant Compounds, 12 141-179,1981. 

Karpouzas DG, Sing BK (2006) Microbial degradation of organophosphorus xenobiotics Metabolic pathways and molecular basis. Adv Microb Physiol 51 119-185... 

Knackmuss, H.-J., Degradation of halogenated and sulfonated hydrocarbons . In Microbial Degradation of Xenobiotics and Recalcitrant Compounds, Academic, T. Leisinger, R. Hiitter, A. M. Cook and J. Niiesch, Eds., New York, 1981, pp. 189-212. 

Bourquin AW, Spain JC, Pritchard PH. 1982. Microbial degradation of xenobiotic compounds. In Proc 12th Conf on Environ Toxicol 3,4,5 Nov 81. Air Force Aerospace Medical Res Lab, OH. Paper No. 21 354-369. 

LeisingerT, Cook AM, Hutter R, Niiesch J (Eds.) (1981), Microbial degradation of xenobiotics and recalcitrant compounds", Academic Press, London... 

As versatile as bioremediation may seem, there are certain complex xenobiotic chemicals which have proven resistant to microbial degradation. Nevertheless, the state-of-the-art in bioremediation of inorganic and recalcitrant organic contaminants is rapidly advancing. 

Many of these microorganisms have the ability to use xenobiotics as a carbon or other nutrient source. In some instances it may be more appropriate to ascribe this capability to the entire microbial community since often more than one type of organism is responsible for the stages of microbial degradation. 

Hutzinger, 0. Veerkamp, W. In Microbial Degradation of Xenobiotic and Recalcitrant Compounds Leisinger, T. Hutter,... 

Reduced microbial activity and lower metabolic diversity are likely reasons for the reduced biodegradation of herbicides in subsoils and groundwater aquifers. Although the total microbial population in most aquifers range between 104 and 107 cells/g aquifer material (22). the proportion of these populations that can degrade xenobiotics appears to be low. In a pristine aquifer from Lulu, Oklahoma, degrader populations measured by 14C-MPN were less than 5 cells/g for chlorobenzene, napthalene, and toluene (4Q). 

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