Microalgae techniques

Other kinds of bloassays have been used to detect the presence of specific allelochemical effects (8), effects on N2 fIxatlon (9), the presence of volatile compounds (10) and of Inhibitory substances produced by marine microalgae (11). Putnam and Duke (12) have summarized the extraction techniques and bioassay methods used In allelopathy research. Recent developments In high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation of allelochemlcals from plant extracts dictates the need for bloassays with sensitivity to low concentrations of compounds contained In small volumes of eluent. Einhellig at al. (13) described a bloassay using Lemna minor L. growing In tissue culture cluster dish wells that maximizes sensitivity and minimizes sample requirements. 

Blaise, C., Ferard, J.-F. and Vasseur, P. (1998b) Microplate toxicity tests with microalgae a review, in P.G. Wells, K. Lee and C. Blaise (eds.), Microscale Testing in Aquatic Toxicolog Advances, Techniques, and Practice, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 269-288. 

Application of Microscopic Techniques to the Study of Seeds and Microalgae under Olive Oil Wastewater Stress... 

Frassanito, R., Cantonati, M., Tardio, M., Mancini, I., and Guella, G. 2005. On-line identification of secondary metabolites in fresh water microalgae and cyanobacteria by combined liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection-mass spectromet-ric techniques. J. Chromatogr. A, 1082,33-42. 

Lee AK, Lewis DM, Ashman PJ Microbial flocculation, a potentially low-cost harvesting technique for marine microalgae for the production of biodiesel, J Appl Phycol 21(5) 559-567, 2009. 

ANDERSEN R A and KAWACHi M (2005) Traditional microalgae isolation techniques, in Andersen R A (ed). Algal Culturing Techniques. New York Academic Press, 83-100. 

To overcome these deficiencies, different enrichment products and procedures were developed using selected microalgae, yeasts, (heterotrophi-cally grown) bacteria, microencapsulated products, emulsified products and self-emulsifying concentrates or microparticulate products or combinations thereof. Enrichment techniques make use of the fact that meta-nauplii of Artemia are non-selective filter-feeders which take up practically all particles, as long as they are of an adequate dimension. Figure 5.2 shows an enriched Artemia meta-nauplius in which you can clearly see the small oil... 

Pulse electric field is a technique which uses brief pulses of a strong electric field to perforate the cell wall or membrane. This method has already been applied on microalgae for lipid extraction. Zbinden et al. utilized PEF as a process intensification strategy to enhance lipid extraction from Ankistrodesmus falcatus wet biomass using a green solvent, ethyl acetate. 2 In another study, application of PEF on Auxenochlorella protothecoi-des led to a spontaneous release of intracellular products. ... 

Bfller P, Friedman C, Ross AB. Hydrothermal microwave processing of microalgae as a pre-treatment and extraction technique for bio-fiiels and bio-products. Bioresour Technol 2013 136 188. 

Satpati, G. G., and R. Pal. 2014. Rapid Detection of Neutral Lipid in Green Microalgae by Flow Cytometry in Combination with Nile Red Staining—An Improved Technique. Annals of Microbiology l-13. 

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