Microalgae chemical methods

Quilliam, M. A. (2003) Chemical methods for lipophilic shellfish toxins. In Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae. G. M. Hallegraeff, D. M. Anderson, and A. D. Cembella (Eds.), UNESCO, Paris, France, pp. 211-245. 

Quilliam, M.A., Chemical methods for hpophUic sheUfish, in Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae, HaUegraeff, G.M., Anderson, D.M., and CembeUa, A.D., Eds., UNESCO, Saint-Berthevin, 2003, 211. 

Quilliam, M.A., Chemical methods for domoic acid, the amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) toxin, in Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae, Hallegraeff, G.M., Anderson, D.M., and Cembella, A.D., Eds., Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO), Paris, 2003, vol. 11, chapter 9. Johannessen, J.N., Stahihty of domoic acid in saline dosing solutions, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. Int., 83,411,2000. 

A variety of test methods are available to determine the phytotoxic effects of chemicals and effluents. The freshwater algal species most frequently used has been the microalga, S. capricornutum, for which a relatively large database exists. Marine species used include the diatom, S. costatus, and the red macroalga, Champia parvula. 

That many chemical substances are not soluble in sc carbon dioxide permits selective extraction.100 It is often used with foods, for which it eliminates the possibility of leaving toxic residues of solvents such as methylene chloride. It also avoids the hydrolysis that might occur when esters (for flavors or fragrances) are recovered by steam distillation. It has been used to extract the flavor from hops, the caffeine from coffee, fat and cholesterol from foods,101 pecan oil,102 lavender oil (for which hydrolysis of linalyl acetate could occur in steam distillation), 103 ginseng (from which it does not extract pesticide residues),104 ginger,105 microalgae,106 cooked chicken,107 ethanol from cider,108 and many others. One method used with aromas and con-... 

Many polysaccharides contain branched structures and are chemically modified by the addition of other molecules. Their monomeric or repeat units are often made up of more than one sugar molecule and, consequently, can be quite complex. They form protective capsules of some of the most virulent microorganisms, capsules that, nevertheless, carry information that activate mammalian defenses the immune, interferon, and properdin systems [9, 136]. They are found as key portions of the exoskeletons of insects and arthropods and cell walls of plants and microbes and perform as reserve foodstuffs and important components of intercellular, mucous secretions, synovial and ocular fluids, and blood serum in many organisms. Food Applications compiles recent data on the food applications of marine polysaccharides from such various sources as fishery products, microorganisms, seaweeds, microalgae, and corals [137, 138]. One of the applications of this biopolymer relates to a method for protecting against diseases induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae infections, which comprises mucosal administration of a S. pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide to a patient in need. 

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