Micro- and nanopatterning

The bonding of phosphonic acids to Si02 surfaces has also been reported in an organic solvent, Si-O-P bonds are formed by Si-OH/P-OH condensation [159] however, in an aqueous medium, no bonding was observed [127]. This behavior, which may be ascribed to the sensitivity of Si-O-P bonds to hydrolysis, has been utihzed for the micro- and nanopatterning of surfaces by selective surface modification of Ti02 patterns within a matrix ofSiOz [128]. 

D. Mandler, Micro- and nanopatterning using the scanning electrochemical microscope. In A.J. Bard and M.V. Mirkin (Eds.), Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy, Marcel Dekker, New York, Basel, 2001, pp. 593-627. 

Ito H, Reichmanis E, Nalamasu O, Ueno T (eds) (1998) Micro- and nanopatterning polymers. ACS Symposium Series 706. American Chemical Society, Washington DC... 

MICRO- AND NANOPATTERNING USING THE SCANNING ELECTROCHEMICAL MICROSCOPE... 

In order to evaluate the prospects of the SECM as a tool for micro- and nanopatterning, its advantages and disadvantages need to be considered. In this last section we measure the capabilities of the SECM against the characteristics of an effective patterning technique, namely, speed, resolution, and scope of materials that can be patterned. 

Challenges in the characterization of micro- and nanopatterned polymer grafts on polymer supports originate from the following factors ... 

Our target is to ultimately fabricate reactive micro- and nanopatterns for the area-selective immobilization of biologically relevant molecules via covalent coupling. In addition to full control of reactivity and pattern sizes, biocompatibility and minimized NSA are important for rendering these systems useful as generic platforms. In this context we review in this contribution our recent efforts in this area. We focus in particular on (1) the elucidation of structure-reactivity relationships, (2) the in situ compositional analysis of wet chemical reactions in monolayer-based systems down to nanometer length scales, and on (3) the application and refinement of various micro- and... 

Fig. 3 Schematic of the different aspects of surface functionalization, patterning and analysis treated in this review. The topic is introduced and developed starting from the discussion of well-defined model systems (SAMs on Au). The determination of structure-reactivity relationships, and in particular the way conformational order affects the reactivity of NHS active esters will be discussed. Using iCFM, very localized information on surface reactions can be quantitatively measured in situ for SAM-based systems. The extension of the dimensionality to quasi-3D systems via the immobilization of den-drimers and the fabrication of thin reactive homopolymer films will be addressed, as well as micro- and nanopatterning approaches via soft and scanning probe lithography. Here we discuss SAM-based, as well as bilayer/vesicle-based systems...

Combinations of the very simple spin-coated reactive polymer films discussed in Sect. 2.1.4 with the micro- and nanopatterning approaches studied and refined in model studies on weU-defined macromolecular (dendrimer) systems are ciu rently being investigated with substantial success. Thus, the lessons learned in these model studies can be applied to practical formats in order to provide reactive micro- and nanopatterned platforms for the development of biosensors, biochips (DNA, proteins, saccharides, and so on) and studies of cell-cell and ceU-substrate interactions. 

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