1- Methyl-2-pyrolidinone

As a result of all these experiments, it is impossible to obtain metal-free phthalocyanine from urea and phthalic anhyride as well as phthalimide in one-step interaction, either by conventional chemical or electrochemical methods. The presence of catalysts and promoters for CuPc (TMU or 1 -methyl-2-pyrolidinone) manufacture does not influence the formation of the Pc. Similarly, the presence of small amounts of Pc introduced into the reaction mixture does not provoke a further PcH2 formation starting from the above precursors in the solvents used [32]. 

IV-methyl pyrolidinone is used in most cases. Figure 5.31 summarizes the main reaction which can take place during the process and the corresponding rate constant. The formation of diamide has also been evidenced.140 The reactivity is governed by the electron affinity of the anhydride and the ionization potential or basicity of the diamine (see Section 5.2.2.1). When a diacid with a low electron affinity reacts with a weak nucleophilic diamine, a low-molecular-weight is obtained, because the reverse reaction is not negligible compared with the forward reaction. 

THF (hot), tetralin (hot), trichloroethane 1,2 dichlorobenzene, dioxane, DMF, cyclohexanone, butyl acetate, cycloheptanone cyclooctanone, N-acetylpiperidine, N-methyl pyrolidinone, trimethylene sulfide... 

In the series of experiments, urea (4g), PA (3 g), (0.12 g), Cu (1 g), Mo03 (0.015 g), l-methyl-2-pyrolidinone (0.5mL), and lOOmL of solvent (DMEA, ethylene glycol, glycerine, DMSO, DMF, mesytilene, butylcellosolve, hysol, and xylene) were used. The reaction mixture was... 

Therefore, the solvent used for successful electrosynthesis of PcCu should be inert in relation to PA and, on the other hand, should have electroconductivity. The compounds used as promoters [41] could theoretically serve as such solvents. Tetramethylurea (TMU) and l-methyl-2-pyrolidinone were chosen by the authors of Ref. 32 among other promoters used in the work [41]. The first one has a nature close to that of the principal precursor (urea), and thus should not influence the reaction course negatively. The TMU has sufficient conductivity to permit electrolysis in its medium, and reasonable viscosity. The boiling point of 174-178 C is ideal for such research, since conventional syntheses of Pc from urea and PA are carried out at similar temperatures. The results of TMU use as a solvent are presented in Table 5.7. The results seem promising, and this solvent is recommended to study Pc formation in its medium in further research work. In the case of l-methyl-2-pyro-lidinone, no phthalocyanine formation was observed. No phthalocyanine was observed also in the following systems (1) urea, PA, TBA, TMU (without copper) (2) urea, PA, TBA, TMU, Sb, or Mg (anodes (3) TMU, urea (or without urea), phthalimide, TBA (in all cases with or without electrolysis). 

Plasticizer studies were conducted in order to improve the foamability of the other monomeric constituents of the VDC-based copolymers. Table 4.5.2 shows the classes and formulations of the Scientific Polymer Products plasticizers used in this study. Also, water and V-methyl-2-pyrolidinone (NMP) were considered in the plasticizer studies. Studies of P(VDC-AN), poly(vinylidene chloride-co-vinyl chloride) (PVDC-VC), and poly(vinylidene chloride-co-acrylontirile-co methyl methacry-... 

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