Methods for Spinning

The structure and the permeation properties of the hollow fibers are highly dependent on the spinning conditions. 

In the last ten years, many patents have been made on the production of hollow fibers [53,54]. 

The simultaneous spinning of two polymer solutions by using a triple orifice spinneret presents several benefits such as the possibility of forming each membrane layer by different concepts. Pereira et al. [55] studied the simultaneous spinning of two polymer solutions and the conditions that promote the adhesion of the two layers were 

Hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) formed via phase inversion methods exhibit specific physicochemical characteristics and generally favorable surface and mechanical properties. Due to these properties the HFMs can be used in diverse applications including ultrafiltration, gas separation, dialysis, cell culture, bioreactors, and tissue engineering. Most artificial kidneys are based on hollow fiber membranes. Blood is circulated through the center of the fiber, while isotonic saline, the dialysate, is pumped countercurrently around the outside of the fibers. Urea, creatinine, and other low-molecular weight metabolites in the blood diffuse across the fiber wall and are removed with the saline solution. 

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Naveh, D., Kronik, L., Tiago, M.L. and Chelikowsky J.R. (2007) Real-space pseudopotential method for spin-orbit coupling within density functional theory. Physical Review B - Condensed Matter, 76, 153407-1-153407-4. 

Fig. 8.9 Different methods for spinning CNT fibers and scanning electron micrographs of representative samples, (a) Wet spinning of nanocarbons dispersed in liquid, (b) drawing from a forest of aligned CNTs and (c) direct spinning from the gas phase during CNT synthesis by CVD. Images from references [53,59, 60, 61,62], With kind permission from AMS (2000, 2013), Elsevier (2007, 2011), Wiley (2010).

Schmidt RH, Mosbach K, Haupt K. A simple method for spin-coating molecularly imprinted polymer films of controlled thickness and porosity. Adv Mater 2004 16 719. 

The combination of the high stability, the fast response and good enantiomeric discrimination ability makes MIPs promising materials for chiral chemosensors in the aqueous phase. Further improvement can be expected, as new simple methods for spin-coating were reported recently [31]. 

Older versions of SOCI programs are very I/O intensive because they used to store the Hamiltonian matrix on disk and read it in every iteration step.52,141 Integral-driven direct methods for spin-orbit coupling came up in the mid 1980s123,142 following the original fomulation of direct Cl methods for spin-independent Hamiltonians.143-146 Modern direct SOCI programs can easily handle several million determinants.108,147-151... 

Following the technological breakthroughs which led to the discovery of (1) the liquid crystalline behavior ofpara-oriented aramids26 and (2) a novel method for spinning anisotropic liquid crystalline polymer solutions,27 Kevlar aramid fiber was produced and commercialized by the DuPont company in 1972. Other fibers based on aromatic polyamide compositions, which were produced and commercialized by other companies, were Technora (Teijin, Japan), Teijinconex (Teijin, Japan), andTwaron (Akzo, The Netherlands). Additionally, SVM is a fiber produced in the Former Soviet Union and it was announced in 1990 that a new aramid fiber had been introduced by Hoechst, in Germany. 

Inversion pulses are very important because of the wide variety of applications in experiments involving coherence selection and spin decoupling. One of the very first methods for spin inversion was the rapid adiabatic passage introduced by Bloch [18]. 

E. Luijten and H. W. J. Blote (1995) Monte Carlo method for spin models with long-range interactions. Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 6, pp. 359-370... 

A. Sandvik and J. Kurkijarvi (1991) Quantum Monte Carlo simulation method for spin systems. Phys. Rev. B 43, p. 5950... 

Two-component all-electron methods for spin-orbit coupling... 

Strube T, Schiemann O, MacMillan F, Prisner T, Engels JW (2001) A new facile method for spin-labeling of oligonucleotides. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 20 (4-7) 1271-1274... 

Li, J. Noodleman, L. Electronic Structure Calculations Density Functional Methods for Spin Polarization, Charge Transfer and Solvent Effects in Transition Metal Complexes. In Solomon, E. I. Hodgson, K. O., Ed., ACS Symposium Series 692 Spectroscopic Methods in Bioinorganic Chemistry, American Chemical Society Washington, DC 1998, pp 179-197. 

Following the technological breakthroughs which led to the discovery of ( ) the liquid crystalline behavior of para-oriented aramtds and (2) a novel method for spinning anisotropic liquid crystalline polymer solutions, " Kevlar aramid fiber was produced and commercialized... 

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