Method Pascal

For detailed descriptions of the French method (Pascal), see Giua, Chimica degli aggressivi chimici, Turin, 1931. 68 ff. 

Gouy method [= Pascal method = Zylindcrmethode (used by some German authors)]... 

Figure 40.2 illustrates the transmission of forces through liquids. For Pascal s law to become effective for practical applications, a piston or ram confined within a close tolerance cylinder was needed. It was not until the latter part of the eighteenth century that methods were developed that could make the snugly fitted parts required making hydraulic systems practical. 

When we consider the mechanical properties of polymeric materials, and in particular when we design methods of testing them, the parameters most generally considered are stress, strain, and Young s modulus. Stress is defined as the force applied per unit cross sectional area, and has the basic dimensions of N m in SI units. These units are alternatively combined into the derived unit of Pascals (abbreviated Pa). In practice they are extremely small, so that real materials need to be tested with a very large number of Pa... 

The book explains how to solve coupled systems of ordinary differential equations of the kind that commonly arise in the quantitative description of the evolution of environmental properties. All of the computations that I shall describe can be performed on a personal computer, and all of the programs can be written in such familiar languages as BASIC, PASCAL, or FORTRAN. My goal is to teach the methods of computational simulation of environmental change, and so I do not favor the use of professionally developed black-box programs. 

In this regard several sophisticated chromatographic methods, with a quantification limit down to about 0.2 ng/g, have been developed and published for the determination of zearalenone. The methods were mainly based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (Krska 1998 Visconti and Pascale 1998 Schuhmacher et al. 1998 Tanaka et al. 2000), but HPLC with mass spectrometry detection was also used (Shirai et al. 2000 Josephs et al. 2001). 

The program listing below represents an interactive program written in turbo PASCAL to simulate a cyclic voltammogram. The iterative procedure employs the method of fractional steps. ... 

This method of stabilization is very expensive, and takes an exceptionally long time — several days. It is therefore necessary to arrange a considerable number of kiers and hence a large and costly installation is required. Pascal [1] states that in a factory to produce 100 tons of nitrocotton a day some 400-500 vessels of 2-4 m3 should be installed. 

Broyage de Poudre Noire(Fr). Grinding of BkPdr. The method used in France before WWU is described in Pascal(1930), 201... 

This unit describes a method for measuring the viscosity (r ) of Newtonian fluids. For a Newtonian fluid, viscosity is a constant at a given temperature and pressure, as defined in unit hi. i common liquids under ordinary circumstances behave in this way. Examples include pure fluids and solutions. Liquids which have suspended matter of sufficient size and concentration may deviate from Newtonian behavior. Examples of liquids exhibiting non-Newtonian behavior (unit hi. i) include polymer suspensions, emulsions, and fruit juices. Glass capillary viscometers are useful for the measurement of fluids, with the appropriate choice of capillary dimensions, for Newtonian fluids of viscosity up to 10 Pascals (Newtons m/sec 2) or 100 Poise (dynes cm/sec 2). Traditionally, these viscometers have been used in the oil industry. However, they have been adapted for use in the food industry and are commonly used for molecular weight prediction of food polymers in very dilute solutions (Daubert and Foegeding, 1998). There are three common types of capillary viscometers including Ubelohde, Ostwald, and Cannon-Fenske. These viscometers are often referred to as U-tube viscometers because they resemble the letter U (see Fig. HI.3.1). 

Blaise Pascal in the mid-1600s determined the relationship between pressure and the height of a liquid in a barometer. He also helped to establish the scientific method. The SI unit of pressure is named after him. 

The nitration of naphthalene to dinitronaphthalene (after Pascal [20a]) is effected in a nitrator essentially of die sane type as that used for the nitration of naphthalene to nitronaphthalene by the French method (Fig. 108, p. 441), the only difference being in the outlet which is wider at the bottom - 8 cm in diameter - since the nitration product is solid. 

Apenten, R.K.O., Buttner, B., Mignot, B., Pascal, D., Povey, M.J.W. 2000. Determination of the adiabatic compressibility of proteins in concentrated solution by a new ultrasonic method. Food Hydrocoil. 14, 83-91. 

---