Metal ores, smelting

Roh-alkohol, m. crude (or raw) alcohoL -analyse, /. rough or approximate analysis, -antimon, n. crude antimony, -arbeit, /, (Metal.) ore smelting, -asbest, m. crude asbestos. -aufbereitung, /. preliminary preparation, -benzol, n. crude benzene, benzol (or benzole), -blei, n. crude lead, -blende, /. (Mining) crude blende, -block,... 

Sulfur dioxide can be prepared by several methods, the most common of which is the combustion of sulfur or pyrites (FeS2). A variety of furnaces have been developed for carrying out this reaction. Each type of furnace produces sulfur dioxide of different purities. After production, the sulfur dioxide is normally cooled and compressed to convert it to liquid form. Liquid sulfur dioxide is more easily stored and transported than the gaseous form. Sulfur dioxide is also obtained as the byproduct of a number of industrial operations, especially the smelting of metallic ores. Smelting is the process by which a metal is extracted from its ore by heating in air. Since many ores are sulfides, this process often results in the formation of sulfur dioxide, which can be captured as a byproduct of the operation. Finally, sulfur dioxide can be produced by the direct combustion of sulfur itself ... 

Orford An obsolete metallurgical process for separating copper and nickel. Ores containing these metals were smelted in a Bessemer converter, forming matte. This was melted with sodium sulfate and coke, which yielded copper and nickel sulfides, which are immiscible and easily separated on cooling. 

Indium is recovered as a by-product of smelting other metal ores such as aluminum, antimony, cadmium, arsenic, and zinc. About 1,000 kg of indium is recovered each year (or a concentration of 1 part indium per 1000 parts of dust) from the flue stacks (chimneys) of zinc refineries. 

Ruthenium is derived from platinum metal ores. Method of production depends on the type of ore. However, the extraction processes are simdar to those of other nohle metals (see Platinum, Rhodium and Iridium). Ruthenium, like Rhodium, may he obtained from accumulated anode sludges in electrolytic refining of nickel or copper from certain types of ores. Also, residues from refining nickel by Mond carbonyl process contain ruthenium and other precious metals at very low concentrations. The extraction processes are very lengthy, involving smelting with suitable fluxes and acid treatments. 

Several studies indicate that different methods cause adverse effects to embryonic and fetal tissues and eventually lead to the development of teratogenic effects. Metals are omnipresent in the living environment. A variety of anthropogenic activities (e.g., smelting metallic ore, industrial and metal fabrication, commercial application, burning of fossil fuels) have caused adverse effects to the developing fetus. In fact, notorious elements, such as cadmium, lead, and mercury, have been associated with injury and malformation to the growing embryo and fetus of animals and humans.65... 

Zinc oxide is a very old technological material. Already in the Bronze Age it was produced as a byproduct of copper ore smelting and used for healing of wounds. Early in history it was also used for the production of brass (Cu-Zn alloy). This was the major application of ZnO for many centuries before metallic zinc replaced the oxide [149]. With the start of the industrial age in the middle of the nineteenth century, ZnO was used in white paints (chinese white), in rubber for the activation of the vulcanization process and in porcelain enamels. In the following a number of existing and emerging electronic applications of ZnO are briefly described. 

Smelting A process that removes oxygen or sulfur from metal ores and converts the ore into a metal. 

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