Metal emulsion process

The main functions of a lubricant in a metal cutting process are to lubricate or reduce friction between the tool and the workpiece and to act as a coolant by rapidly removing heat generated at the tool/workpiece interface. There are three major types of metal cutting lubricants oils, emulsions and water-based products. 

Uses Surfactant, detergent, wetting agent, surf. tens, reducer, penetrant, dispersant, emulsifier, solubilizer for concrete mfg., agric. sprays, metal/ min. processing, pulp/paper, household laundry detergents, industrial cleaners, textiles, solv. cleaners, paints, emulsion polymerization Properties Hazen 100 liq. sol. in water, benzene, ethyl acetate, ethyl Icinol, perchlorethylene, ethanol, olein sp.gr. 1.069 vise. 410 cps m.p. 7 2 C HLB 13.7 cloud pt. 74 2 C pH 6-8 (1% aq.) surf. tens. 34.8 dynes/cm (0.1%) wetting 9 s (0.1%) Ross-Miles foam 12.6 cm (0.1%, initial) nonionic 100% act. 

The emulsion process can be used to synthesize inorganic and metallic nanoparticles with controlled particle size and morphology [99, lOOj. An emulsion is defined as a colloidal suspension of a hquid within another liquid. Emulsions can be divided into two categories (i) oil-in-water, where the oil droplets are suspended homogeneously in water (the droplets are referred to as micelles) and (ii) water-in-oil, where water droplets are suspended homogeneously in oil, known as reverse micelles. 

Other compounds which may be found in crude oil are metals such as vanadium, nickel, copper, zinc and iron, but these are usually of little consequence. Vanadium, if present, is often distilled from the feed stock of catalytic cracking processes, since it may spoil catalysis. The treatment of emulsion sludges by bio-treatment may lead to the concentration of metals and radioactive material, causing subsequent disposal problems. 

Compounds containing such metals as copper, barium, lead, molybdenum, and nickel generally are not used in processing solutions. However, trace quantities of certain metal dopants occasionally are used to impart desired soHd-state and photographic properties to emulsion grains. Because of its... 

Processes that are essentially modifications of laboratory methods and that allow operation on a larger scale are used for commercial preparation of vinyhdene chloride polymers. The intended use dictates the polymer characteristics and, to some extent, the method of manufacture. Emulsion polymerization and suspension polymerization are the preferred industrial processes. Either process is carried out in a closed, stirred reactor, which should be glass-lined and jacketed for heating and cooling. The reactor must be purged of oxygen, and the water and monomer must be free of metallic impurities to prevent an adverse effect on the thermal stabiUty of the polymer. 

The Karr column is particularly well suited for systems which tend to emulsify since its uniform shear characteristics tend to minimize emulsion formation. It is also particularly well suited for corrosive systems (since the plates can be constructed of non-metals) or for systems containing significant solids (due to its large open area and hole size on the plates). Slurries containing up to 30 percent solids have been successfully processed in Karr columns. 

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