Metal-containing polymers preparation

Transition-metal-containing polymers prepared by process I (Structure 10.1,1) are, as a rule, characterized by a low content of combined metal and are nsed primarily in ion-exchange extraction, preconcentration, and separation of metals by selective extraction [13-15],... 

Method 1. Polymerization of Tetracyanoethylene and Related Tetranitriles with Metals, Metal Salts, or Metal Chelates A unique class of metal-containing polymers prepared by a ring-forming polymerization is derived from the reaction of tetracyanoethylene with metals... 

As described in Sect. 7.1, novel hybrid block copolymers comprising on one hand a classical synthetic polymer and on the other hand a metal-containing polymer, a synthetic or natural (proteine, enzyme, etc.) polypeptide have recently been synthesized. Other hybrid block copolymers containing inorganic blocks, dendrimers, etc. will certainly be prepared and thoroughly investigated in the next few years. 

This appears to be the most widely adopted procedure for preparation of metal-containing polymer systems. 

Template Polymers. Template effects in chelating polymers constitute an interesting development in the field of metal containing polymers. The Template effects are interpreted by the fact that the small molecule is templating a pattern in the macromolecule which can be recognized by the same molecule in a subsequent process. The idea is to prepare a polymer from the metal-chelated monomer, to remove the metal ion, and then to measure the selectivity of the prepared polymer for the metal ion of the template [36]. Typical examples of template systems are 4-vinyl-4 -methylbipyridine (Neckers [36]) and 1-vinyl-imidazole (Tsuchida [37]). These are polymerized in presence of divinylbenzene [36] and appropriate metal salts (Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+). The template metal ions are removed by acid leaching and the polymer subsequently used for metal ion absorption studies (Fig. 16). 

The technology of plasma formation of metal-containing polymers in the form of thin films dates from 1963, when Bradley and Hammes(15) prepared specimens from some forty different materials, and studied their electrical conductivities. Included in the study were organic compounds of iron, tin, titanium, mercury, selenium, and arsenic. The presence of a metal or transition element in the polymer did not lead to special electrical properties compared to the purely organic polymers studied. 

In an attempt to use dicopper(I) complex unit as building block for synthesis of metal-containing polymers, Kitagawa reported his interesting results in synthesis and structural characterization of an infinite stair-type chain compound (235). The complex of thiochrome (L88) [C CLae KClO was prepared by reduction of copper(II) perchlorate followed by reaction with the ligand. The structure contains a di-nuclear cationic unit in which the two T-shaped metal ions are doubly bridged by two thiochrome molecules with extremely short Cu Cu... 

For the selective separation of organic compounds, specially prepared metal salt adsorbents (e.g., copper salts) are used, after volatile components have been eluted from them [106—108]. Good separations on these columns were obtained for isomeric ketones for example, heptanone-2, heptanone-3 and heptanone-4 were separated. Delventhal et al. [109] proposed the use of metal-containing polymers for the separation of various amines and thiophene. The advantage of these stationary phases was stated to be their high chemical and thermal stability. Nawrocki et al. [156] studied the application of coordination polymers as adsorbents and LSPs in GC. 

Microspheres based on metal-containing polymers should exhibit interesting redox, semiconductive, magnetic, and photonic properties intrinsic to the polymeric materials, and may prove useful for a variety of applications. The most common methods for microsphere preparation involve the use of steric stabilizers, which may adversely affect the properties of the resultant materials. This problem can be avoided by the use of a precipitation polymerization methodology, which allows for the autostabilization of the polymer microspheres without addition of stabilizers. This... 

Chemical Reviews, 2000, Vol. 100, No. 4 Table 3. NBE-Based Chelating Systems for the Preparation of Metal-Containing Polymers" Buchmeiser... 

Preparation of Miscellaneous Oi ganometallic and Metal-Containing Polymers. 356... 

The polymer-supported catalysts must be prepared so that they do not leach (by cleavage from the support) into the product. This is a serious problem in the case of immobilized metal complex catalysts. Another problem results when the resin catalyst offers a diffusional barrier to the reactants and products. This will then adversely effect the rate of the reaction and is a serious problem. These metal-containing polymers are still very expensive because only a few are commercially available. 

Depending on the metal nature and monomer structure, the vapor deposition cryopolymerization of metal-monomer systems yields a possibility producing metal-containing polymers of different structure. Polymer containing organo-metallic groups or metal-polymer complexes can be prepared using pre-... 

Schreiber E, Ziener U, Manzke A, et al. (2009) Preparation of narrowly size distributed metal-containing polymer latexes by miniemulsion and other emulsion techniques applications for nanolithography. Chem Mater 21 1750-1760... 

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