Metabolism source

Bile acids likely generate ROS and RNS from multiple metabolic sources as previously reviewed. One likely source of ROS is bile-acid-induced damage to mitochondria that causes the electron transport chain to leak electrons to O2... 

What are the metabolic sources of NADPH used in fatty acid biosynthesis How many moles of NADPH are required for the synthesis of 1 mole of palmitic acid from acetyl-CoA ... 

Guppy, M., Hulbert, W.C. and Hochachka, P.W. (1979). Metabolic sources of heat and power in tuna muscle. EL Enzyme and metabolite profiles. Journal of Experimental Biology 82,303-320. 

Figure 8 Effect of quinine on pyrene metabolism. Source Courtesy of K. Nandigama and K. Korzekwa (unpublished results).

Disposition in the Body. Less than 5% of ingested oxalic acid is absorbed in healthy adults. About 8 to 40 mg of oxalic acid is normally excreted in the urine daily this is derived mainly from the metabolism of dietary ascorbic acid and glycine with small amounts from dietary oxalic acid and other minor metabolic sources. Calcium oxalate is a major constituent of kidney stones and is frequently found as crystals in freshly-voided urine. In normal subjects concentrations of oxalic acid in blood range from about 1 to 3 pg/ml. Small amounts of oxalate are produced as a metabolite of ethylene glycol. 

GSH plays a relevant role in detoxification processes, such as those linked to aldehyde metabolism, source of highly reactive and oxidative stress inducing compounds. 

Fig. 2. Metabolic interrelationships between free fatty acid and glucose metabolism. (Source Randle et al., 1963.)...

Suarez, R. K., Brown, G. S., Hochachka, P. W. (1986). Metabolic sources of energy for hummingbird flight. Am. J. Physiol. 251, R537-R542. 

From a purely chemical point of view, flavonoids are characterised by a skeleton of three units, C6-C3-C6, that forms a cyclic structure in most cases [2], In this skeleton two aromatic rings, referred to as A and B (in chalcones), can be distinguished, with an additional third ring (C) in the rest of the flavonoids. This last ring appears as a cyclation of chalcones with a hydroxyl in 6 position (Fig. (I)), while the A and B rings have a different metabolic source. The B ring is formed in the shikimate pathway, while the A ring comes from the condensation of three units of malonyl Co-A [3, 4],... 

Indeed, many such laboratories have performed urinary analyses of hormone metabolites rather than plasma measurements. While the urinary metabolite determinations may provide valuable information of its own, it is often argued that they are not entirely representative of the hormonal secretion due to a variety of reasons (incompleteness of sample collection, altered renal function, multiple metabolic sources of a urinary metabolite, etc.). 

Fig. 2. Pathways in plants thought to be involved in the biosynthesis of lAA from tryptophan. In some plants that have been studied, tryptophan conversion accounts for only a minor fraction of the lAA produced. However in other cases the conversion of tryptophan to lAA can be the predominant metabolic source of de novo synthesized lAA.

Account for the origins of acetyl CoA from various metabolic sources. 

In fimgi and similar organisms, reduced pyridine is the apparent physiological electron donor for nitrite reduction. However, the enzyme can also utilize reduced viologen dyes thereby bypassing the flavin portion of the enzyme (see electron transfer scheme on page 136). The metabolic source of the NADPH for nitrite has not been established. 

The main source of C, units is the hydroxymethyl group of serine, which is transferred to THF by serine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1), forming fV -hydroxymethyl-THF (activated form dehyde). Production of C, units during histidine catabolism and in the anaerobic degradation of purines is of particular importance. C, units are incorporated during purine biosynthesis, and they provide the S-methyl group of thymine. C units are interconverted while attached to THF (Hg.2). For other metabolic sources and uses of C units, see legend to Fig.2. 

Fig.2. Oxalic acid. Metabolic sources of oxalate. 2-Hydroxy-3-oxoadipate is a normal excretory product in humans, which diverts glyoxylate from oxalate production (see Inborn errors of metabolism. Oxalosis).

Metabolic Sources and Mutual Rdaiions of the Amino Dicarboxylic Acids... 

The best-defined role of niacin is in oxidation and reduction reactions, as the functional nicotinamide part of the coenzymes NAD and NADP (section 2.4.1.3). In general, NAD is involved as an electron acceptor in energy-yielding metabolism, being oxidized by the mitochondrial electron transport chain (section 3.3.1.2), whereas the major coenzyme for reductive synthetic reactions is NADPH. An exception to this general rule is the pentose phosphate pathway of glucose metabolism (section 5.4.2), which results in the reduction of NADP to NADPH and is a major metabolic source of reductant for fatty acid synthesis (section 5.6.1). 

TEPP (CAS no. 107-49-3) (200 pM) was used to inhibit hydrolytic metabolism Source Table 2, Godin et al. 2006. Published with permission... 

Parent chemical or metabolite number for cross-reference to Table El (Appendix E, Allethrin) Metabolism source, Kaneko and Miyamoto (2001) and Kaneko (2010). CAS names are used from ACD/Names, version 12.0 (Advanced Chemistry Development, Toronto, Ontario, Canada)... 

Metabolism source, Kaneko and Miyamoto (2001) and Kaneko (2010). See footnotes in Table D1 (Appendix D)... 

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