Mesogenic monomers, addition

Examples of vinyl monomers for addition polymerization include acrylates, methacrylates, vinyl ethers and styrene derivatives. Radical, ionic, and group-transfer polymerizations are possible according to polymerizabil-ity of the monomers. Living polymerization is difficult because mesogenic monomers often contain bonds such as benzoate ester, which are easily attacked by growing ends. Cyclic and condensation monomers are less... 

The texture of polymeric chiral liquid crystalline phases. The chiral liquid crystalline phases include the chiral smectics and the chiral nematic or cholesteric phase. Poly(7-benzyl-L-glutamate) and derivatives of cellulose are popular examples of polymers that form a chiral mesophase. Side-chain type copolymers of two chiral monomers with flexible spacers of different, lengths and copolymers of one chiral and the other non-chiral mesogenic monomers may also form a cholesteric phase (Finkelmann et al., 1978 1980). In addition, a polymeric nematic phase may be transformed to a cholesteric phase by dissolving in a chiral compound (Fayolle et al., 1979). The first polymer that formed a chiral smectic C phase was reported by Shibaev et al. (1984). It has the sequence of phase transition of g 20-30 Sc 73-75 Sa 83-85 I with the Sc phase at the lower temperature side of Sa- More examples of Sc polymers are given by Le Barny and Dubois (1989). 

Conventional principles and methods concern the synthetic routes for macromo-lecular networks and the realization of the liquid crystalline state by mesogenic monomer tmits. Network chemistry has to consider the reactivity and functionality of the monomer tuiits. In most cases, this excludes ionic polymerization techniques and reduces utihzable methods to radical polymerization and polymer analog reactions for side chain networks, and to polycondensation or polyadditirai reactions for main chain elastomers. The chemistry of the crosslinking process and the chemical constitution of the crosslinker have to be adapted to the polymerization process. Applying photo-chemistry of suitable functional mmiomer units opens an additional, versatile pathway to build up the network structure. 

Guo JB, Shi Y, Han X, Jin OY, Wei J, Yang H. StabUizing blue phases of a simple cyanobiphenyl compound by addition of achiral mesogen monomer with a branched end group and chiral hydrogen-bonded assemblies. J Mater Chem C 2013 1 947-57. 

In addition to the mesogen units contained within the polymer backbone, they can occur as side chains. These mesogen units can be introduced either through reaction with monomers that contain the mesogen unit or through introduction with already formed polymers. 

Main Chain LC Polymers. New thermotropic copolyesters with either random or ordered mesogenic sequences have been reported with a wide range of mesophase behaviors. Recent developments in this field have included the use of naphthalene, stilbene and related structures in addition to the traditional phenylene groups to produce the required rigid main chain, and these are described in chapters by Jin, Jackson and Morris, and Skovby et al. Efforts have been undertaken to control transition temperatures and solubility through the use of either substituents or changes in the monomer sequence distribution. Successful application of these efforts have led to the commercialization of several thermotropic aromatic copolyesters (23.24). 

As for low molecular weight surfactants, the superstructures are assumed to be formed by micellar aggregates [126], But it seems that the formation of lyotropic liquid crystals is supported by the additional presence of thermotropic mesogens [87,122-124,126], Lamellar, hexagonal, cubic and even nematic and cholesteric mesophases were reported for binary systems, the latter being exceptional. Lyotropic mesophases were also observed in non-aqueous solvents [240,400,401,405], If polymerizable surfactants are studied, not only the phase diagram but also the types of mesophases observed for the monomer and the polymer may be different. 

While main-chain type liquid crystalline polymers are made by step-wise polymerizations, side-group type polymers have been synthesized by both step and chain polymerizations of monomers with desired mesogenic side groups. In addition, mesogenic side groups can be introduced to polymers... 

Although many controlled cationic polymerizations that have been developed [120], only mesogenic vinyl ethers have been used in an attempt to prepare well-defined SCLCPs by a cationic addition mechanism [121]. Nevertheless, these polymerizations (and copolymerizations) provide the most complete series of SCLCPs with the widest range of structural variables. As shown in Eq. (22), most of these monomers, includ-... 

PMBVE-PBPBVE) were also prepared by polmerizing the mesogenic block first, except that HI was used as the initiator and I2 as the catalyst in toluene at -40 °C, followed by addition of the nonmesogenic monomer (Scheme 32) [150]. Although a minor amount of homopolymer was obtained from the second stage polymerization, this was removed by selective extraction. 

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