Mercerization mechanism

Okano,T. and Sarko, A. (1985) Mercerization of ceUulose. II. AlkaU-ceUulose intermediates and a possible mercerization mechanism. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 30,325-332. 

Analog-to-glass fibers silanes are used as coupling agents for natural fiber polymer composites. For example, the treatment of wood fibers with product A-175 improves wood dimensional stability [53]. In contrast, a decrease of mechanical properties was observed for coir-UP composites after a fiber modification with di-chloromethylvinyl silane [54]. The treatment of mercer-... 

Fitzgerald PH, Pickering AF, Mercer JM, Miethke PM 1975 Premature centromere division a mechanism of non-disjunction causing X chromosome aneuploidy in somatic cells of man. Ann Hum Genet 38 417-428... 

Acid hydrolysis of these samples led to the results to be expected, i.e., a lowering of LODP and residue value by NH3 pretreatment and mercerization as well as by mechanical disintegration prior to the hydrolytic treatment (Table XII). With regard to residue value, an NH3 pretreatment again proved to be more efficient in enhancing accessibility than a mercerization, while the rate constant of chain-length degradation was increased somewhat more by mercerization. 

Mercer IP, Abend S, Gould IR, Klug DR. A quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical approach to solvation dynamics tested by three pulse photon echo measurements. In Elsaesser T, Fujimoto JG, Wiersma DA, Zinth W, eds. Ultrafast Phenomena, Berlin Springer-Verlag, 1998 532-534. 

Petris, M., Mercer, J., Culvenor, J., Lockhart, P, Glesson, P, and Camakaris, J. (1996). Ligand-regulated transport of the Menkes copper P-type ATPase efflux pump from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane A novel mechanism of regulated trafficking. EMBO J. 15, 101-112. 

Influence of Physical Structure. The hydrolytic behavior of cellulose is much influenced by its physical structure and lateral order [121-132]. Wood cellulose was hydrolyzed twice as fast as cotton [125]. Hydrolysis rate was significantly increased by physical or chemical pretreatment, with the effect depending on the source of cellulose. Hill and coworkers [127,128] reported that mercerization increased the hydrolysis rate of cotton (by 40%) and of ramie (7%), whereas the opposite effect was observed for linen and a-cellulose samples showing an approximately 30% reduction. Based on kinetic analysis, they concluded that the end-attach model proposed by Sharpies [121] can only be applied to the cellulose II structure and not to the cellulose I crystallite. Thus, the conformation of cellulose is also a significant factor affecting its reactivity and possibly the hydrolytic mechanism as well. 

The preceding discussion of the industrial products obtained from cellulose while not complete nor in technical detail emphasizes the striking fact that cellulose, a widely distributed natural substance, complex in its constitution and inactive in its properties, may, by either mechanical treatment or chemical reaction, be converted into such important products as thread, string and rope wearing apparel (cotton and linen). Mercerized cotton, artificial silk collodion, celluloid, smokeless powders and high explosives. 

Fig. 1 illustrates the two mechanisms proposed for the processes of liquid disintegration and aerosol generation within ultrasonic nebulizers. The capillary-wave theory relates to the production of capillary waves in the bulk liquid. These waves constructively interfere to form peaks and a central geyser. When the amplitude of the applied energy is sufficiently high, the crests of the capillary waves break off, and droplets are formed. The rate of generation of capillary waves is dependent on both the physicochemical properties of the nebulized fluid and the intensity of the ultrasonic vibration. Mercer used Eq. (1) to calculate the threshold amplitude for the generation of capillary waves ... 

Cold concentrated solutions of caustic alkalis appear to have little effect when contact is short in duration and when rinsing follows immediately. Thus mixed cotton and silk fabrics may be mercerized when the contraction of the cotton gives a crimped effect. Prolonged action of cold concentrated sodium hydroxide causes the fibroin to become dissolved with ultimate breakdown into sodium salts of a amino acids. At the boil quite mildly alkaline solutions will dissolve fibroin rapidly. Lousy silk is formed more readily in the presence of alkali, but some mechanical rough handling is necessary at the same time. 

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