Membrane biogenesis

The topic of membrane biogenesis is discussed further later in this chapter. 

Volume 96. Biomembranes [Part J Membrane Biogenesis Assembly and Targeting (General Methods Eukaryotes)]... 

Volume 98. Biomembranes (Part L Membrane Biogenesis Processing and Recycling)... 

Lipids are transported between membranes. As indicated above, lipids are often biosynthesized in one intracellular membrane and must be transported to other intracellular compartments for membrane biogenesis. Because lipids are insoluble in water, special mechanisms must exist for the inter- and intracellular transport of membrane lipids. Vesicular trafficking, cytoplasmic transfer-exchange proteins and direct transfer across membrane contacts can transport lipids from one membrane to another. The best understood of such mechanisms is vesicular transport, wherein the lipid molecules are sorted into membrane vesicles that bud out from the donor membrane and travel to and then fuse with the recipient membrane. The well characterized transport of plasma cholesterol into cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis is a useful model of this type of lipid transport. [9, 20]. A brain specific transporter for cholesterol has been identified (see Chapter 5). It is believed that transport of cholesterol from the endoplasmic reticulum to other membranes and of glycolipids from the Golgi bodies to the plasma membrane is mediated by similar mechanisms. The transport of phosphoglycerides is less clearly understood. Recent evidence suggests that net phospholipid movement between subcellular membranes may occur via specialized zones of apposition, as characterized for transfer of PtdSer between mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum [21]. 

Nikaido, H. (1979). Nonspecific transport through the outer membrane. In Bacterial Outer Membranes. Biogenesis and Functions, ed. Inouye, M., John Wiley Sons, New York, pp. 361-407. 

An account of how membrane lipids are distributed throughout the cell and topologically across membranes has been given by van Meer (2000). The process is initiated during membrane biogenesis and is sustained and augmented by phospholipid translocases as membranes are sorted and differentiated throughout the cell. 

Figure 2. General topological feature of PS translocation and decarboxylation in mammalian cells. PS is synthesized by PSS I and II in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM). The nascent PS is transported other membranes such as plasma membrane, nucleus, and mitochondria. The PS transported to the mitochondrial outer membrane is then translocated to the inner membrane, in which PS is converted to PE by PS decarboxylase (PSD). The PE formed in mitochondria is dynamic and can be exported to other organelles for membrane biogenesis.

Esko, J.D., Wermuth, M.M., and Raetz, C.R., 1981, Thermolabile CDP-chohne synthetase in an animal ceh mutant defective in lecithin formation. J. Biol. Chem. 256 7388-7393 Esko, J.D., Nishijima, M., and Raetz, C.R., 1982, Animal cells dependent on exogenous phosphatidylchohne for membrane biogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 79 1698-1702 Exton, J. H., 1994, Phosphatidylchohne breakdown and signal transduction, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1212 2642. 

Gentle I, Gabriel K, Beech P, Waller R, Lithgow T (2004) The Omp85 family of proteins is essential for outer membrane biogenesis in mitochondria and bacteria. J Cell Biol 164 19-24... 

Nieboer, M., Kingma, J. Witholt, B. (1993). The alkane oxidation system of Pseudomonas oleovorans induction of the alk genes in Escherichia colt W3110 (pGEc47) affects membrane biogenesis and results in overexpression of alkane hydroxylase in a distant cytoplasmic membrane subfraction. Molecular Microbiology, 8, 1039-51. 

Morre, D. J. 1977. The Golgi apparatus and membrane biogenesis. In Cell Surface Reviews, Vol. 4. G. Poste and G. L. Nicolson (Editors). North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 1-83. 

R3. N. Simiooescu and M. Slmkncacu. Fluid phase adsorptive transcytosis in the endothelial ceil In IntL Symp. Membrane Biogenesis and Recycling, Kan-nami, Japan, Abetr.voLVI-l.19B4. 

A. Kuhn, D. Troschel. Distinct steps in the insertion pathway of bacteriophage coat proteins. In Membrane Biogenesis and Protein Targeting (W. Newport R. Lill, eds), pp 33-47. Elsevier, New York, 1992. 

Verma, D.P.S., Cheon, C.I. and Hong, Z. (1994) Small GTP-binding proteins and membrane biogenesis in plants. Plant Physiol. 106, 1-6. 

In order to understand the mechanism of membrane formation, one must first understand the environmental condition which influences membrane biogenesis. The two most obvious effectors of mitochondria and chloroplasts are Oj and light. 

Rodriguez de Turco EB, Deretic D, Bazan NG, et al. Post-golgi vesicles cotransport docosahexaenoyl-phospholipids and rhodopsin during frog photoreceptor membrane biogenesis. J Biol Chem 1997 272(161 10,491-10,497. 

Volume 22. Membrane Biogenesis and Protein Targeting (1992) W. Neupert and R. Lill (Eds.)... 

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