Membrane synthesis and characterization

This section describes the procedures for synthesizing membranes using new materials, with emphasis on the metals dted above. Examples of porous ceramic membranes of interest as supports for composite ceramic/ 

Ceramic porous membranes can be used as supports for composite membranes using metal active layers. The following sections describe a few examples of multilayer ceramic membranes obtained via sol-gel and CVD techniques. 

Van Gestel et al. focused their attention on ceramic materials with very high stability such as Zr02, Y203-stabilized Zr02 and T102-doped Zr02. ° These researchers synthesized various silica and non-silica sol-gel thin-film membranes which were tested for H2/CO2 separation. Table 4.5 summarizes 

3 Schematic process of sol-gel method. (Printed from Reference 1.) 

The value of the ratio H2/CO2 of 100% corresponds to infinite selectivity to hydrogen (i.e. CO2 permeation flux equal to zero). 

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M L. Di Vona, D. Marani, A. D Epifanio, E. Traversa, M. Trombetta, S. Licoccia, A eovalent organie/inorganic hybrid proton exehange polymeric membrane synthesis and characterization. Polymer, 46 (2005) 1754-1758... 

Di Vona, M.L., Marani, D., D Epifanio, A., Traversa, E., Trombetta, M., licoccia, S. (2005) A covalent organic/inorganic hybrid proton exchange polymeric membrane synthesis and characterization. Polymer, 46, 1754-1758. 

French, B. L., Davis, L. M., Munzinger, E. S., Slavin, J. W. J., Christy, P. C., Thompson, D. W., and Southward, R. E. (2005). PaUadium-pol5dmide nanocomposite membranes Synthesis and characterization of reflective and electrically conductive surface-metalized films. Chem. Mater. 17, 2091-2100. 

J. R. Lakowicz and D. Hogen, Chlorinated hydrocarbon-cell membrane interactions studies by the fluorescence quenching of carbazole-labeled phospholipids Probe synthesis and characterization ofthe quenching methodology, Chem. Phys. Lipids 26, 1 10 (1980). 

Rouilly, M. V., Koetz, E. R., Haas, O., Scherer, G. G. and Chapiro, A. 1993. Proton exchange membranes prepared by simultaneous radiation grafting of styrene onto Teflon-EEP films Synthesis and characterization. Journal of Membrane Science 81 89-95. 

Kerres, J., Ullrich, A., Meier, R and Haring, T. 1999. Synthesis and characterization of novel acid-base polymer blends for application in membrane fuel cells. Solid State Ionics 125 243-249. 

Membrane research is a rather diverse field, exploiting perfluorinated iono-mers, hydrocarbon and aromatic polymers, and acid-base polymer complexes. Polyether and polyketo polymers with statistically sulfonated phenylene groups such as sPEK, sPEEK, and sPEEKK or polymers on the basis of benzimidazole have been tested as well. Recent reviews on membrane synthesis and experimental characterization can be found in the literature. ... 

The present review of zeolite membrane technology covers synthesis and characterization methods as well as the theoretical aspects of transport and separation mechanisms. Special attention is focused on the performance of zeolite membranes in a variety of applications including liquid-liquid, gas/vapor and reactive... 

Lovallo, M.C., Gorrzinis, A., and Tsapatsis, M. (1998) Synthesis and characterization of oriented MFI membranes prepared by secondary growth. AIChEf, 44,1903-1913. 

The publication of Pedersen s work attracted instant and increasing attention from a variety of scientists worldwide. During the ensuing decade, research in an increasing number of laboratories led to the synthesis and characterization of many novel macrocychc chemical structures, and to the application of macrocycles in a wide variety of fields. This effort cut across many areas including organic and inorganic synthesis, biochemistry, ion transport in membranes, phase transfer catalysis, and structure analysis. 

The synthesis and characterization of permselective membranes are new areas of activities in materials science [1,12,20], Nevertheless, to use these membranes commercially, much work remains to be done [12,20], It is necessary to increase membrane permeance, to resolve brittleness problems, to be capable of scaling-up the process, and to increase the membrane area per unit volume [12,20],... 

Semiconductor nanoclusters (quantum dots) possess chemical and physical properties that differ substantially from those of the analogous bulk solids [36-38]. Quantum dots have been synthesized using hosts such as zeolites [39], porous glass [40], micelles [41], membranes [42], and anionic polymers [43]. The synthesis and characterization of CdS quantum dots in dendrimer hosts have been studied [44-48]. Here, two PAMAM dendrimers are used one is G3.5 with surface carboxyl group and the other is G4 with surface amino group. Mixing solutions of Cd2+ and S2 in pure methanol result in a yellow precipitate of... 

Lear, J.D., Gratkowski, H., DeGrado, W.F. (2001), De novo design, synthesis and characterization of membrane-active peptides, Biochem. Soc. Transact. 29, 559-564. 

Xiao, L. et al.. Synthesis and characterization of pyridine-based polybenzimidazoles for high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell applications. Fuel Cells, 5, 287, 2005. 

Woo, Y., Oh, S., Kang, Y., Jung, B. (2003). Synthesis and characterization of sulpho-nated polyimide membranes for direct methanol fuel cell. /. Membrane Science 220, 31.45. 

Gwak, J., Synthesis and characterization of porous inorganic membranes exhibiting specific magnetic properties, Ph.D. dissertation. University Montpellier II, Montpellier, France, 2003. 

Geus E.R., den Exter M.J. and van Bekkum H., Synthesis and characterization of zeolite (MFI) membranes on porous ceramic supports, 7. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 55 3101 (1992). 

Rodemann K and Staude E. Synthesis and characterization of affinity membranes made from polysulfone. J. Membr. Sci. 1994 88 271-278. 

Lin Z, Rocha J, Navajas A, Tellez C, Coronas JQ, and Santamaria J. Synthesis and characterization of titanosilicate ETS-10 membranes. Micropor Mesopor Mater 2004 67 79-86. 

Xiongfu Z, Yonsheng L, Jinqu W, Huairong T, and Changhou L. Synthesis and characterization of Fe-MFI zeolite membrane on a... 

R.S.A. de Lange, J.H.A. Hekkink, K. Keizer and A.J. Burggraaf, Polymeric-sUica based sols for membrane modification applications sol-gel synthesis and characterization with SAXS. /. Non-Cryst. Solids, 191 (1995) 1. 

Lixiang, X. Zhang, H. Choe, E.-W. Scanlon, E. Ramanathan, L.S. Benicewicz, B.C. Synthesis and characterization of pyridine-based polybenzimidazoles as novel fuel cell membrane materials. Fuel Chem. Div. Prepr. 2003, 48, 447. 

B.A. McCool, N. Hill, J. DiCarlo and W.J. DeSisto, Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous silica membranes via dip-coating and hydrothermal deposition techniques, J. Memb. Sci., 218, 55-67 (2003). 

Chapter 1 summarizes methods for the stabilization of artificial lipid membranes. They include synthesis of new types of polymerizable lipids and polymerization of membranes. Creation and characterization of novel poly(lipid) membrane systems, as well as their functionalization for biotechnological applications, are also described. Chapter 2 addresses experimental studies on the design and characterization of lipopolymer-based monolayers at the air-water interface. Thermodynamic and structural data collected with X-ray and neutron reflectrometry, infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, and sum frequency generation spectroscopy provide... 

X.L. Pan et al., Mesoporous spinel MgA1204 prepared by in situ modification of boehmite sol particle surface I Synthesis and characterization of the unsupported membranes. Colloids Surf. A-Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 179(2-3), 163-169 (2001). 

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