Membrane blebs

Estacion, Mark, and William P. Schilling. "Maitotoxin-Induced Membrane Blebbing and Cell Death in Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells." BMC Physiology 1 (2001) 2. 

Degeneration Mitochondrial permeability transition with membrane depolarization, cytochrome c release, and mitochondrial swelling and fragmentation activation of caspases and cell death pathway, endonuclease fragmentation of DNA with chromatin and nuclear condensation phosphatidyserine exposure on cell surface cytoskeletal disruption with membrane blebbing... 

Begins widi shrinking of cytoplasm and condensation of nucleus Membrane blebbing without loss of integrity Aggregation of chromatin at the nuclear membrane Formation of membrane-bound vesicles ( optotic bodies)... 

Because of the loss of ionic balance, the water content of the cell increases (swelling or hydropic degeneration and membrane blebs occur). 

Therefore, ATP levels will reach a point when the cell cannot survive, Ca2+ levels are too high, and the plasma membrane blebs and ruptures. 

Bellomo G, Mirabelli F, Salis A, Vairetti M, Richelmi P, Finardi G, Thor H. Orrenius S. Oxidative stress-induced plasma membrane blebbing and cytoskeletal alterations in normal and cancer cells. Ann NY Acad Sci 1988 551 128-130. 

Houle F, Rousseau S, Morrice N, Luc M, Mongrain S, Turner CE, Tanaka S, Moreau P, Huot J. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase mediates phosphorylation of tropomyosin-1 to promote cytoskeleton remodeling in response to oxidative stress Impact on membrane blebbing. Mol Biol Cell 2003 14 1418-1432. 

Mills JC, Stone NL, Erhardt J, Pittman RN. Apoptotic membrane blebbing is regulated by myosin light chain phosphorylation. J Cell Biol 1998 140 627-636. 

Coleman ML, Sahai EA, Yeo M, Bosch M, Dewar A, Olson MF. Membrane blebbing during apoptosis results from caspase-mediated activation of ROCK I. Nat Cell Biol 2001 3 339-345. 

Sebbagh M, Renvoizc C, Hamelin J, Riche N, Bertoglio J, Breard J. Caspase-3-mediated cleavage of ROCK I induces MLC phosphorylation and apoptotic membrane blebbing. Nat Cell Biol 2001 3 346-352. 

Cell swelling Loss of microvilli Membrane blebs ER swelling Myelin figures... 

A large number of plant-derived compounds are apoptotic., having been variously shown to activate caspases, cause membrane blebbing or induce formation of a ladder of fragmented DNA. Such compounds are cytotoxic and have potential as anti-neoplastic agents (Table 9.7). 

Amano T, Tanabe K, Eto T, Narumiya S, Mizuno K (2001) LlM-kinase 2 induces formation of stress fibres, focal adhesions and membrane blebs, dependent on its activation by Rho-assodated kinase-catalysed phosphorylation at threonine-505. Biochem J 354 149-159... 

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