Mediated Cross-Coupling Reactions Written with Dr. Shashank Shekhar

Copper-Mediated Cross-Coupling Reactions (Written with Dr. Shashank Shekhar) 

At the beginning of 20 century, Fritz Ullmann reported copper-mediated coupling reactions of aryl halides. The formation of biaryls from the reductive coupling of two aryl halides using stoichiometric amounts of copper was the first type of coupling reported by Ullmann s laboratory (Equation 19.91). Two years later, Ullmann reported that stoichiometric amounts of copper compounds mediate the ipso-substitu-tion of an aryl halide by heteroatom nucleophiles, such as phenoxides and arylamines 

Cu = Cul, CuBr, Cu20, Cu(OAc)2, or Cu-bronze Base = NaH, NaOMe, KOfBu, K2CO3, or CS2CO3 Solvent = EtOH, DMSO, THE, or toluene 

In recent years, these copper-catalyzed reactions have been studied intensively, and a large number of review articles on the copper-mediated formation of C-X (X = C, N, or O) bonds have appeared. This section of the chapter on cross-coupling provides an overview of the developments in copper-catalyzed coupling reactions. Mechanistic data on these reactions are far less extensive than those on cross-coupling reactions catalyzed 

Copper-Mediated Cross Coupling to Form C(aryl)-N, 

---