Ullmann, Fritz

Ullmann, Fritz, Enzyklopaedie der technischen Chemie, 2d ed., 10 vols., Berlin and Vienna,... 

At the beginning of 20 century, Fritz Ullmann reported copper-mediated coupling reactions of aryl halides. The formation of biaryls from the reductive coupling of two aryl halides using stoichiometric amounts of copper was the first type of coupling reported by Ullmann s laboratory (Equation 19.91). Two years later, Ullmann reported that stoichiometric amounts of copper compounds mediate the ipso-substitu-tion of an aryl halide by heteroatom nucleophiles, such as phenoxides and arylamines... 

Fritz Ullmann, Universities of Zurich, Geneva and Berlin Technische HochschuUe. 

Fritz Ullmann s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry, 6th edn. In Electronic release, 2000... 

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