Mechanochemistry applications

Schemes 5.3-5.5 and Section 5.2.6.2 have been taken from Todres, Z.V., Organic Mechanochemistry and Its Practical Applications, Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 2006. With permission.

Tin doped ln203 (ITO) films, widely used in photonic devices, are prepared by sputtering [122-127], The sputtering technique requires sufficiently dense targets without any additives for highly conductive films [128-130], Due to low sinterabiliry of ITO [131,132], however, a costly hot-pressing procedure is often necessary. Another application of soft mechanochemistry where dissolution reprecipitation is involved was proposed [133],... 

G. Kaupp, Mechanochemistry the varied applications of mechanical bond-breaking, CrystEngComm 11 (2009) 388 03. 

The instrumental aspects and applications of stress mass spectrometry (stress MS) to polymeric materials is reviewed critically from the inception of the technique to the present. Stress MS experiments are performed by mechanically deforming polymeric materials directly in the ion source housing of a time-of-flight mass spectrometer and mass analyzing the evolved volatile compounds. This technique has been applied to the study of stress-induced chemical reactions in polymeric materials, i.e., mechanochemistry, and to the characterization of residual volatile compounds in intractable polymer and composite matrices. Several polymeric systems ranging from polystyrene to fiber-epoxy composites have been studied by this technique. The significance of results achieved to date is assessed, and a systematic framework for further studies is developed. 

Ribas-Arino J, Marx D (2012) Covalent mechanochemistry theoretical concepts and computational tools with applications to molecular nanomechanics. Chem Rev 112 5412... 

The application of F via external groups, e.g., artificial PPs in SMD simulations or external devices used to manipulate molecules in experiments, leads to changes in the structure of the molecule being subjected to F. If the molecule is subjected to a tensile stress, which is the typical case in molecular mechanochemistry, the... 

Greenberg MJ, Moore JR (2010) The molecular basis of ftictional loads in the in vitro motility assay with applications to the study of the loaded mechanochemistry of molecular... 

Typically, force-extension curves are measured in a liquid to prevent interference from the capillary force at surfaces. This condition makes force measurements relevant to supramolecular systems, because self-assembly is usually performed in a liquid medium [36]. Aqueous solutions, organic solvents, and mixture of them have been used as the liquid environment for force measurements. The following sections illustrate some typical applications of SMFS on the study of supramolecular chemistry and mechanochemistry of macromolecules. 

The monodispersity, the large number of surface functionalities, and the unique rheological properties make dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers potential candidates for a variety of applications such as biosensing [249], catalysis [250], gene therapy [251], and lubricant viscosity-index (VI), just to name a few. However, the mechanochemistry of dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers remains little understood. 

Recent efforts to report and to repair mechanical damage with mechanochemical reactions form the subject of the current chapter. We start with a brief discussion of the use of the spiropyran unit as a mechanophore for reporting strain. Spiropyran mechanochemistry inspired the development of another stress probe, the highly sensitive mechanoluminescent dioxetane, whose application as scission reporter in several types of polymeric materials is discussed. The chapter continues with a description of recent efforts to develop productive mechanochemistry, where initial scission leads to the formation of new bonds. Bond formation is either induced by the scission of covalent bonds, e.g. by the opening of rings, or bonds are formed under the action of a latent catalyst when it is activated by mechanochemical dissociation of a Lewis acid-base pair. These examples of productive mechanochemistry offer exciting possibilities to develop new modes of self-healing in... 

Ribas-Arino J, Marx D (2012) Covalent mechanochemistry theoretical concepts and computational tools with applications to molecular nanomechanics. Chem Rev 112 5412-5487 Kildishev AV, Boltasseva A, Shalaev VM (2013) Planar photonics with metasurfaces. Science 339 1232009. doi 10.1126/science.l232009... 

Application of environment friendly methods in organic synthesis is an ongoing program in our research group focusing on application of extranely high pressures and microwave-assisted synthesis, and this book is a part of our activity in the area of mechanochemistry. 

Finally, mechanochemical synthesis offers a solvent-free route for the preparation of MOFs by ball milling of starting components [23-28]. Sufficient amounts of pure material for broad-range testing can be easily obtained from this method. Furthermore, the solid-solid reaction typically produces quantitative yields and leads directly to products in powder form. Hence, the materials are ready for various applications without the need for time-consuming treatments. Mechanochemistry as an approach for the synthesis for one-, two-, and three-dimensional metal-organic compounds is currently employed by several groups, who mainly focus on the synthesis of new structures. 

Why there is an growing interest in a covalent mechanochemistry (CMC) [16-18]. Mostly because of the potential use of such smart materials in applications that range from drug delivery to camouflage systems and self-healing materials [19, 20]. At this moment it is hard to overestimate the potential and importance of mechanochemistry as it has a great impact in different fields such as synthetic chemistry and materials science [21]. 

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