Measurements measured numbers

An important application of this type of analysis is in the determination of the calculated cetane index. The procedure is as follows the cetane number is measured using the standard CFR engine method for a large number of gas oil samples covering a wide range of chemical compositions. It was shown that this measured number is a linear combination of chemical family concentrations as determined by the D 2425 method. An example of the correlation obtained is given in Figure 3.3. 

The spectroscopic methods, NMR and mass spectrometry for predicting cetane numbers have been established from correlations of a large number of samples. The NMR of carbon 13 or proton (see Chapter 3) can be employed. In terms of ease of operation, analysis time (15 minutes), accuracy of prediction (1.4 points average deviation from the measured number), it is... 

Chemistry is a quantitative science, and chemists frequentiy measure amounts of matter. As the atomic theory states, matter consists of atoms, so measuring amounts means measuring numbers of atoms. Counting atoms is difficuit, but we can easiiy measure the mass of a sampie of matter. To convert a mass measurement into a statement about the number of atoms in a sampie, we must know the mass of an individuai atom. 

Particle size distribution for supported metals sometimes measured from electron micrographs and sometimes calculated from the measured number of... 

Co Measured Number Calculated Number Predicted Structure... 

An individual who was blind in regard to the odour stimulus presented at each trial repeatedly viewed each test session and scored the following behavioural measures number of lateral head movements, number of hand-to-mouth movements, and frequency of sucking movements with the lips / mouth. 

Cases 4 and 5 deserve some special consideration. They were performed under the same conditions in terms of noise and initial parameter value, but in case 5 the covariances (weights) of the temperature measurements were increased with respect to those in the remaining measurements. For case 4 it was noticed that, although a normal random distribution of the errors was considered in generating the measurements, some systematic errors occur, especially in measurement numbers 6, 8,... 

A dry gas was produced in the unit to demonstrate the ability to quantify a non-condensable gas produced in the system. The decomposition of CaCC>3 to CO2 was used to test the system without using tritium-contaminated samples. This proved to be quite acceptable since the measured number of moles of CO2 matched the calculated number of moles based on stoichiometry to better than 3%. 

Performance Measures Number Facility (NF), Speed of Closure (SC), ZITA, VITA, Draw-A-Man (DAM)... 

Figure 10.2 Statistical process control charts for clearings. Top panel runs chart showing clearings as a function of measurement number. Middle panel x-bar chart with dashed upper control limit (UCL) and lower control limit (LCL) solid horizontal line is the grand mean, X. Bottom panel range chart with dashed upper control limit (UCL) solid horizontal line is the average range, r.

The top panel in Figure 10.3 shows the issues as a function of measurement number. The bottom range chart shows that the short-term variability of the issues process is stable and in statistical control. The x-bar chart shows that the issues process mean is stable and in statistical control, with one exception at subgroup 19. A cyclical pattern appears to be present in the x-bar chart, but the structure is not as well defined as it is for the clearings data. 

Table 13 Number of incorporated monomer units into the 30 triblock copoly(2-oxazoline)s resulting from combined H NMR spectroscopy analyses (top) of the model [A and AB (block co) polymers] and final polymers as well as the measured number average molar masses (Mn,SEC/PDI bottom). H NMR spectra were recorded in CDCI3 or CD2CI2 (PhOx containing polymers) and GPC analyses were performed using DMF (with 5 mM NH4PF6) as eluent. Mn,GPC was calculated utilizing poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) standards...

The probability that a measurement number will fall with one standard deviation of the true value X is thus... 

Therefore, there would be a 68% probability that a new measurement number would lie within X (J. 

Each temperature step of the stepped heating procedure of the 40Ar-39Ar method yields a date. To calculate this date, one must determine how many 39K atoms in the sample are represented by the measured number of 39Ar atoms. To determine this number, a sample of known age is included as a monitor of the neutron flux. From measurements of this monitor, a parameter J can be calculated (see Appendix). The date for each step of the 40Ar-39Ar measurement can then be calculated from... 

Precision data can be documented in bar charts or control charts such as Shewhart control charts (see the discussion of internal quality control in Section 8.2.3.5). Bar charts plot %RSD values with their corresponding confidence interval. Control charts plot the individual measurement results and the means of sets of measurements with their confidence level (or with horizontal lines representing limits, see below) as a function of the measurement number and the run number, respectively [15,55,56, 58,72, 85]. 

Job category Year of measurement Number of people Number of samples Personal exposure (ppm) ... 

From an initial understanding of the silane kinetics, very little decomposition of the silane was expected at this (relatively) low surface temperature. Calculate the silane number-density field, assuming the nominal silane partial pressure at the inlet and for a temperature of 550°C. The measured number density just above the surface was 6 x 1015 molecules/cm3. What is the percent difference between the measured and ideal-gas result ... 

Two kinds of numbers are used in science—those thar are counted or defined and those that are measured. There is a great difference between a counted or defined number and a measured number. The exact value of a counted or defined number can be stated, but the exact value of a measured number can never be stated. 

Every measured number, however, no matter how carefully measured, has some degree of uncertainty. This uncertainty (or margin of error) in a measurement can be illustrated by the two... 

---