Measurement Configurations

Fig. 11. Capacitive pressure sensor in the differential measurement configuration. Courtesy of Rosemount, Inc.

Figure 7.6 Raman spectra of a pharmaceutical capsule using different measurement configurations. (Bottom) Capsule alone, (a) Commercial backscattering system with small sample area (b) Commercial backscattering system defocused to make sample area slightly larger (c) WAI backscattering probe (d) Transmission mode. (Top) Capsule contents. Reprinted from Eliasson et al. (2008) [41] with permission from Elsevier.

Figure 13.1 Schematic diagram of different measurement configurations (a) transmission, (b) diffuse reflectance, (c) transflectance, and (d) photoacoustic.

Figure 5.7 Material measurement configuration employing TEonp dielectric resonator modes. The sample under investigation is depicted in red.

As noted in Section 7.2, the RB44Si2 samples that can be grown are not single crystals but are polycrystalline. Therefore, we note that there is sample/measurement (configuration of electrodes and preferred orientation) dependence and this is reflected in differences in the absolute values of the resistivity for the different lanthanide phases. However, the To of crystals are similar and should be considered to be close to the intrinsic values. That is, To is a microscopic parameter reflective of the localization length which is dependent on intrinsic disorder throughout the compound, while po in Eq. (3) will cumulatively reflect contributions from the grain boundaries. The values of po and Tq are listed in Table 5. 

EIS can also detect defects arising from lack of adhesion at adhesively bonded surfaces (111). The presence of such defects produces pronounced changes in the character of the data presented either in complex plane plots or in Bode plots. Figure 38 illustrates the measurement configuration and provides examples of EIS data for defective and defect-free samples. Studies have shown that the presence of defects is readily revealed and that the geometry of the defects and their spatial extent can be inferred from a detailed analysis of EIS spectra. 

Figure 3.19. Schematic EIS measurement configuration for a fuel cell...

Figure 9.4 Schematic diagram showing the ATR objective in the two different measurement configurations, (a) Visual observation of the sample (b) Measuring mode with contact of the ATR crystal and the sample.

FIG. 4.16 Example of an extensional viscosity measurement configuration using parallel plates. 

FIGURE 3 Alternative system under new measurement configuration. 

Figure 20A. Lattice-mode Raman spectra of KN3 and RbNa single crystals in the indicated orientations and measuring configuration, using a spectral slit width of 5 cm" and 4880 A excitation. The T Eg) modes are weakly observed in the Big spectra due to surface irregularities.

Birnbaum, M. H., Coffey, G., MeUers, B. A., and Weiss, R. (1992), UtiUty Measurement Configural-Weight Theory and the Judge s Point of Wew, Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Petforrrumce, Vol. 18, pp. 331-346. 

For developing medical applications extensive research is performed in this field internationally. Before novel diagnostic methods can be developed in hardware and tested in vivo, research starts out with computer-models of the anatomy and physiology that are used to run computer-simulations of potential measurement configurations (testing in silica). 

For purposes of these computations, the high transmission axes of the polarizers were assumed to be aligned parallel to the nematic directors (ri) at the nearest LC surfaces. A computation was also run for polarization normal to n. The latter corresponds to the experimentally measured configuration denoted in Table 2 as the experimental baseline. 

The accuracy defined as the deviation of deduced concentrations from the respective true values depends first on the accuracy obtained in the calibration of the measuring configuration. For thin samples, a careful calibration and evaluation procedure can result in the estimated accuracy of 2-3% between 22 < Z < 30 and 5% between 11 < Z < 20. However, it should be kept in mind that the analytical accuracy in measurements performed on actual thin samples may be degraded by effects pertinent to the applied sampling technique. As described in Sect. 33.1.4.2 special care should be taken with regard to stopping, absorption, and matrix effects in thick sample cases. 

The HLNC is the basic model — a whole femily of instruments exists with various measurement configurations to fit shape and size of the item heing measured (Menlove 1983 Menlove et al. 1994). In most instances, these systems are ladhty resident or integrated into the facility process and can be operated either in attended or unattended mode. The counter is used to measure plutonium in bulk material (e.g., PuOa, mixed Pu02 — UO2 (MOX)) or plutonium in unirradiated MOX fuel assemblies and pins (O Fig. 63.2). 

Figure 28.16 Surface resistance measurement configuration for concentric ring probe [37].

Figure 3. The 3D arrangement of components used in single-cell stack measurement configuration.

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