Means and ends

Learn the meanings of commonly confused words (those that sound or look similar, but have different meanings) and end the confusion in your writing. 

Kollontay and Luxemburg, in contrast, take the tasks at hand to be unknowable in advance. Given the uncertainty of the endeavor, a plurality of experiments and initiatives will best reveal which lines of attack are fruitful and which are barren. The revolution and socialism will fare best, as will Jacobs s city, when they are joint productions between technicians and gifted, experienced amateurs. Above all, there is no strict distinction between means and ends. Luxemburg s and... 

Affective characteristics can be important both as means and ends of education. Therefore, the assessment of these characteristics is equally important. A researcher/teacher may need to understand students affective characteristics in order to provide proper instructional conditions and to evaluate an affective education program. For example, self-concept (e.g., academic/subject self-concept) has been considered as a desirable educational goal we need to understand students self-concept and provide the instructional conditions and settings that can enhance students self-concept. In short, if the affective characteristics are viewed as means, those chosen for assessment must relate one or more of the available classroom settings or teaching styles to the cognitive objectives of the course or curriculum, or both. If they are viewed as ends in themselves, the characteristics selected for assessment must conform to the goals and objectives of the course or curriculum. 

Thus, if the demand for zero risk must be rejected as a nonsensical, absolute demand in view of technicabpractical conditions prevailing in this world, while the basic claim of the citizen to protection from dangers remains, the measure of protection, and the imposed risk can be determined only in concrete instances according to the principle of the relationship between means and ends. The limitations of our abilities only permit that we transform into reality some of that which is feasible in view of outside, factual reality in this case the moral law commands selection of the best possible alternative. Between equally good or, if the occasion arises, between only probably equally good means and ends there is free choice. What will determine our choice is morally a matter of indifference [9-26]. 

We first consider the consequences of heat transport phenomena, which take place inside the measuring systems or substances to be studied with the calorimeter. Afterward we shall discuss additional effects associated with the specific type of calorimeter used. This chapter also provides an outline of methods for the elimination of heat conduction effects by mathematical means and ends with the presentation of some special methods of evaluation, including the assessment of the measurement uncertainty. 

This means that we qualify the means and ends in modal terms (necessity, possibility, etc.), what we may call the modalisation of the world s elements and then-relations. The modalisation entails that the world is not just a set of elements, but also a set of modal relations between those elements that shapes the modalities of human action and even of human thought in structural and situational terms as interpreted by modal judgment. 

In this section, we insert explicitly. The sum has the following meaning for each pair of points x and a draw a path j (t) that starts at x (j (t = 0) = a ) and ends at x" (j (t = r) = a ). This path need not be a classical patii (see figure B3.4.15). Each such path contributes c where S is the action of the path. S (iimelated to the scattering matrix) is calculated very simply as... 

The three-dimensional radius of gyration of a random coil was discussed in Sec. 1.10 and found to equal one-sixth the mean-square end-to-end distance of the polymer [Eq. (1.59)]. What we need now is a connection between two-and three-dimensional radii of gyration. Since the molecule has spherical symmetry r, r> = V + r + r, = 3r . If only two of these contributions are present, we obtain (2/3)rg 3 = rg2o- this result and Eq. (1.59) to... 

In the volume elements describing individual subchains, the x, y, and z dimensions will be different, so Eq. (3.32) must be averaged over all possible values to obtain the average entropy change per subchain. This process is also easily accomplished by using a result from Chap. 1. Equation (1.62) gives the mean-square end-to-end distance of a subchain as n, 1q, and this quantity can also be written as x + y + z therefore... 

The conformational characteristics of PVF are the subject of several studies (53,65). The rotational isomeric state (RIS) model has been used to calculate mean square end-to-end distance, dipole moments, and conformational entropies. C-nmr chemical shifts are in agreement with these predictions (66). The stiffness parameter (5) has been calculated (67) using the relationship between chain stiffness and cross-sectional area (68). In comparison to polyethylene, PVF has greater chain stiffness which decreases melting entropy, ie, (AS ) = 8.58 J/(molK) [2.05 cal/(molK)] versus... 

For equation 26, starting with methane and soHd sulfur at 25°C, and ending with gaseous products at 600°C, the reaction is endothermic and requires 2.95 MJ /kg (705 kcal/kg) of CS2. The reaction of methane and sulfur vapor in the diatomic form is actually exothermic (23,78). Superheating of the sulfur is claimed to be preferable (79), and series operation of reactors offers a means of reducing process temperatures at which the sulfur dissociates (80). 

Example 5 Radiation in a Furnace Chamber A furnace chamber of rectangular paraUelepipedal form is heated hy the combustion of gas inside vertical radiant tubes hningthe sidewalls. The tubes are of 0.127-m (5-in) outside diameter on 0.305-m (12-in) centers. The stock forms a continuous plane on the hearth. Roof and end walls are refractory. Dimensions are shown in Fig. 5-20. The radiant tubes and stock are gray bodies having emissivities of 0.8 and 0.9 respectively. What is the net rate of heat transmission to the stock by radiation when the mean temperature of the tube surface is SIG C (1500 F) and that of the stock is 649 C (1200 F) ... 

Several arbitrary rules of thumb have been suggested to account for the reduction in efficiency when moisture particles are present. One is to multiply the efficiency by the mean vapor content, by weight. For example, if expansion is started in the superheated region and ends with 6% by weight of liquid, the mean vapor content is 97%. If the design efficiency is 78%, the adjusted value of efficiency is 0.78 (0.97) = 0.757 or 75.7%. Some designers prefer to assume a loss equal to twice the value used in the example. 

With the total number of monomers and the volume of the system fixed, a number of statistical averages can be sampled in the course of canonical ensemble averaging, like the mean squared end-to-end distance Re), gyration radius R g), bond length (/ ), and mean chain length (L). 

FIG. 14 (a) Plot of the normalized parallel component of the mean gyration radius i gll/i gb (open symbols), and end-to-end distance i /i gb (full symbols), vs the ratio D/i gb [19] (chain lengths N = 128, 256, 512 are distinguished by different symbols). The dashed straight line indicates the asymptotic slope of the scahng function for small D/i gb, namely —2(z/2 — (h) The same for the perpendicular components. 

FIG. 22 (a) Log-log plot of the scaling function vs C = upper curves refer to the mean-square end-to-end distance, R, while the lower ones show results for i g. (b) The same vs scaling variable N "Region I— free chains, II—crossover, and III—renormaUzed free chains. The slope 0.6 corresponds to l cross = 0.78. [20]... 

---