Meanings negative sign

The negative sign simply means that this is a reduction. 

The negative sign means that cation vacancies and positive holes move inwards, i.e. in the negative direction of x. For CujO, the positive holes are much more mobile than the cation vacancies, and we can assume that ripVp The oxidation flux is then... 

The contact potential difference between Hg and water (actually a dilute aqueous solution of a surface-inactive electrolyte) has been measured42,43 to be -0.25 V. The negative sign means that the work function of Hg decreases upon contact with water. Since 4.50( 0.02) cV is the currently accepted5 value for 0 of Hg, the value of 0 for the uncharged metal (at the potential of zero charge) is 4.25 eV. 

The negative sign in tv = —60.8 J means that the internal energy decreases by 60.8 J when the gas expands and the system does 60.8 kj of work on its surroundings (and there are no other changes). 

The negative sign in the definition of pH means that the higher the concentration of H,Of ions, the lower the pH ... 

Radioactive Ru is dilutely doped in Fe304. The value of the magnetic hyperfine field (at the Ru nucleus) obtained by TDPAC at 10 K (—16 T) is essentially in agreement with that derived from the Mossbauer spectrum at 5 K (14.5 T). The negative sign of means that the Ru ions... 

Kaindl et al. [186] have plotted the isomer shift results for metallic hosts versus the number of outer electrons of the 3d, Ad, and 5d metals and found the transition energy to decrease when proceeding from a to a Ad and further to a 3d host metal in the same column of the periodic table. This systematic behavior is similar to that observed for isomer shifts of y-rays of Fe(14.4 keV) [193], Ru(90 keV), Pm (77 keV), and lr(73 keV) [194]. The changes of A(r ) = (r )e — (r )g for these Mossbauer isotopes are all reasonably well established. Kaindl et al. [186] have used these numbers to estimate, with certain assumptions, the A(r ) value for Ta (6.2 keV) and found a mean value of A(r ) = —5 10 fin with some 50% as an upper limit of error. The negative sign of A(r ) is in agreement with the observed variation of the isomer shift of LiTaOs, NaTaOs, and KTaOs, as well as with the isomer shift found for TaC [186]. 

The term viscosity has no meaning for a non-Newtonian fluid unless it is related to a particular shear rate y. An apparent viscosity fia can be defined as follows (using the negative sign convention for stress) ... 

It has been assumed that the flow is incompressible so that there are no fluctuations of the density. Equation 1.91 shows that the momentum flux consists of a part due to the mean flow and a part due to the velocity fluctuation. The extra momentum flux is proportional to the square of the fluctuation because the momentum is the product of the mass flow rate and the velocity, and the velocity fluctuation contributes to both. The extra momentum flux is equivalent to an extra apparent stress perpendicular to the face, ie a normal stress component. As (v x)2 is always positive it produces a compressive stress, which is positive in the negative sign convention for stress. 

A positive sign means that an /A signal will be produced whereas a negative sign indicates an A JE signal. 

In references 82-86, the results were treated statistically. Main effects and standard errors were calculated. In references 83, 85, and 86 also a graphical interpretation by means of bar plots was performed. Both positive and negative effects were seen on these plots, but all effects between levels [—1,0] are negative, while all those between [0,4-1] are positive. Possibly, the length of the bars represents the absolute value of the factor effects, and all effects for the interval [—1,0] seem to be given a negative sign, while all those for [0,4-1] a positive. However, the above are assumptions since no details were provided. In references 83 and 86, critical effects are drawn on the bar plots. 

Proton shifts are italicized. Numbers in parentheses are shift differences from unprotonated parents. A negative sign means a downficld shift on protonation. 

The negative sign associated with the equation means that the terms are describing the rate of decrease in complex concentration. The rate of complex formation is rapid, and fairly soon the rate at which the complex is formed is equal to the rate at which it breaks down. This situation is called a steady state. Mathematically, this is described by... 

Consider the situation where the reactor pressure, not the volume, is held fixed. The heat transfer to the system is represented as it was in the constant-volume case (i.e., Eq. 16.5). In the constant-pressure case there is work done by the system as its volume expands (i.e., dV/dt > 0). Thus the work term takes a negative sign, since by definition in Eq. 16.4, positive work means work done on the system ... 

The negative sign of AH° indicates that heat is released by Reaction 6-3—the solution becomes warmer. For other reactions, AH is positive, which means that heat is absorbed. Consequently, the solution gets colder during the reaction. A reaction for which AH is positive is said to be endothermic. Whenever AH is negative, the reaction is exothermic. 

If we had written the previous equation in the reverse order, the sign of AH would have been negative. The positive sign means that it takes energy to decompose HC1, and the negative sign means that energy is liberated when HC1 is formed from the elements, H2 and Cl2 ... 

This system of (nonlinear) differential equations cannot be solved analytically. It does, however, contain the answer to our basic question of whether or not 90/91 is positive or negative, which means whether the perturbation 0 decreases or increases with time. Thus, the negative sign on 0 defines the (initial) morphological stability. 

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