Mean kinetic temperature definition

Before the ICH was formed, agreement on the appropriate storage conditions for stability studies was always controversial. The regulatory agencies in different countries did not always agree with each other. For example, the definition of room temperature or controlled room temperature was different globally. Currently, the world is divided into four climatic zones based on the mean kinetic temperature. The definition of room temperature in the four zones is given in Table 5 as is the relative humidity. Some of the countries that fall into these zones are also shown. 

A major step forward toward the definition of adequate stability testing conditions based on good science was made by introducing the Mean Kinetic Temperature... 

Kinetic complexity definition, 43 Klinman s approach, 46 Kinetic isotope effects, 28 for 2,4,6-collidine, 31 a-secondary, 35 and coupled motion, 35, 40 in enzyme-catalyzed reactions, 35 as indicators of quantum tunneling, 70 in multistep enzymatic reactions, 44-45 normal temperature dependence, 37 Northrop notation, 45 Northrop s method of calculation, 55 rule of geometric mean, 36 secondary effects and transition state, 37 semiclassical treatment for hydrogen transfer,... 

The meaning of temperature. Closely related to these ideas is the central relation between kinetic energy and temperature. Earlier we said that the average kinetic energy of the particles (E ) equals the absolute temperature times a constant that is, E = cT. Using definitions of velocity, momentum, force, and pressure, we can express this relationship by an equation that reveals the constant c ... 

Returning to our definitions in Chapter 3, temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a system. This means that the higher the temperature, the more movement in the polymer chains. Taking this one step further, the greater movement reduces... 

Keeping in mind the definition of temperature as average kinetic energy, a higher temperature means that more molecules will have a greater speed. This will help the molecules move or collide more frequently and more effectively. An increase in temperature will increase the rate of reaction. 

The definition of symbols is in the Table of Nomenclature. Basically SD is a number proportional to the reactor length, made dimensionless by a proper combination of thermal and reaction kinetic paramters. t is proportional to the temperature rise, made dimensionless by a combination of inlet temperature and activation energy, y and a2 are the mean and variance, respectively, of the residence-time distribution in the reactor. 

A definite prediction of DLVO theory is that charge-stabilized colloids can only be kinetically, as opposed to thermodynamically, stable. The theory does not mean anything at all if we cannot identify the crystalline clay state (d 20 A) with the primary minimum and the clay gel state (d 100 to 1000 A) with the secondary minimum in a well-defined model experimental system. We were therefore amazed to discover a reversible phase transition of clear thermodynamic character in the n-butylammonium vermiculite system, both with respect to temperature T and pressure P. These results rock the foundations of colloid science to their roots and... 

It is very important to analyse the influence of the reactivity definition (eqn. 8 and 9) on the kinetic parameters. Since all representative reactivity definitions are related to a fixed degree of conversion (or a fixed interval), the difference between r and r will be a multiplying factor, independent of temperature and pressure, and therefore absorbed in the frequency factor. This means that whether equation 8 or 9 is used, the activation energy and the reaction order calculation will give the same result. 

Under certain conditions molecules will react chemically. By this we mean that the molecular species present after collision are different from those prior to collision. The atoms are the same before and after colhsion, but their configuration in relation to one another is altered so that different molecules are produced. Any kineticist feels he is able to distinguish between reactants and products, and for many practical purposes he can. It is only when an attempt is made to define the species carefully that some confusion occurs. Although this problem is usually ignored in chemical kinetics calculations, it becomes more important the higher the enei, and some attention at least should be given to possible errors in definition, particularly at higher temperatures. In Section II-A we indicate the difficulties involved and some of the theoretical approaches which have been taken. 

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