Matter luminous

Kopelman R, Tan Wand Birnbaum D 1994 Subwavelength spectroscopy, exciton supertips and mesoscopic light-matter interactions J. Lumin. 58 380-7... 

The source of light emission. Each individual animal in a colony of Pyrosoma has two groups of luminous cells at the entrance to the branchial sac (Herring, 1978a). The luminous cells contain tubular inclusions whose identity has been a matter of dispute for nearly a century. Buchner (1914) originally suggested that the inclusions were symbiotic luminous bacteria. However, efforts to cultivate luminous bacteria from the luminous cells of Pyrosoma consistently failed. In... 

Spergel et al. 2007), but greatly exceeds the smoothed-out cosmological density of luminous matter deduced from galaxy redshift surveys, which give a luminosity density in blue light... 

The density of cerebral capillaries, especially in the cortical grey matter, is very high with mean distances of 40 /xm. The capillary network has a total length of 600-650 km, the mean velocity of the blood flow is below 0.1 cm/s, and the luminal surface extends to 15-30 m2. Thus the blood-brain barrier represents an important surface for potential drug delivery besides gut (30CM100 m2), lung (70-120 m2), or skin (1.8 m2) [24-26, 33-37],... 

Luminous matter has revealed dark matter, but the new substance remains obscure. What is it made from Is it perhaps composed of known forms of matter Only partly Is dark matter made up of microscopic particles If the answer is affirmative, we may suppose that this unknown form of energy penetrates and permeates the galaxies, the Solar System and even our own bodies, just as neutrinos pass through us every second without affecting us in any way. And like the neutrinos, these unknown particles would hardly interact at all with ordinary matter made from atoms. To absorb its own neutrinos, a star with the same density as the Sun would have to measure a billion solar radii in diameter. Luminous and radiating matter is a mere glimmer to dark matter. 

We must resign ourselves. The simple Greek idea that matter can be reduced to a handful of atoms must be amended. The greater part of the universal substrate is invisible, because it does not radiate. The invisible state of matter exceeds, both in volume and mass, the manifest state, which is luminous and legible. Atomic matter made from protons and neutrons comprises only a tiny fraction of all matter, perhaps something like 2% to 5%. The world is insidiously dominated by what is invisible, shifting and impalpable. 

For the purposes of the present book, we have chosen to speak of atomically luminous, material dust, so precious it seems to us. It is the material frame of beings and structured things, of flesh, birds and stars. Let us not yet provoke the incomprehensible darkness as it lies sleeping in its den. Let us leave in shadow this matter which does not speak the language of light. 

Ordinary, everyday matter as we find it in trees and stones, flowers and streams, blood and tears, wine and butterflies, should indeed be qualified as precious, luminous and heavenly, for it is rare and photosensitive and has celestial origins. 

However, according to the latest estimates, the fraction of our Galaxy s dark halo that could be explained by baryonic matter (low-luminosity stars and non-luminous compact, massive objects) cannot exceed 20%. These estimates are based on the effect such objects would have on the hght from stars in the Magellanic Clouds. It is concluded that the halo of our Galaxy, and probably that of other spirals of this type, is not principally made up of ordinary, atomic matter. 

An inventory of the Universe Critical density = 10 gcm density of luminous matter/critical density = 0.005% density of gravitating matter/critical density = 10-30% density of nuclear matter/critical density = 2-5% total density of the Universe/critical density = 1. 

Note that the density of nuclear matter is greater than the density of luminous matter, but less than the density of gravitationally active matter. Note also that it is very much smaller than the critical density. We may therefore deduce the existence of dark nuclear matter and dark (or even invisible) non-nuclear matter. 

According to theories which assume the existence of some form of matter with repulsive gravity (antigravity), the Universe possesses an accelerator (an antigravitational substance) in addition to matter with attractive gravity (luminous and dark matter) which produces a braking effect. Quintessence would be the residue from this primordial repulsive substance and it would retain its attributes. 

Following one of the biggest inquiries ever held in modern astronomy, it transpires that their apparent luminosity is slightly less than would be found if space were Euclidean and expansion were merely slowed down by the gravitational effects of matter. In fact, the expansion is more vivacious than was previously thought. This means that distances to remote objects are slightly distended, so that the supernovas appear less luminous than expected. 

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