Materials shortages

One of the objectives of this paper will be to show some specific examples of these effects in electrolysis and illustrate the substantial need for a better understanding of the thermodynamics of the solution chemistry involved in electrodics. Some of these needs are more obvious and have been indicated previously ( 3) and include such items as AG°, Kg0 and Cp data on the systems of interest. However, much more extensive information is necessary on adsorption phenomena, complex ion formation and the equilibrium concentrations of these influential species. This need has always existed but it is even more important now if the current challenges being imposed by energy and materials shortages and environmental control are to be met. 

U.S. Army. 1999. Diminishing Manufacturing Sources and Material Shortages, Army Materiel Command Pamphlet No. 5-23. Alexandria, Va. Department of the Army Headquarters, United States Army Materiel Command. 

Recommendation 7. The Chemical Materials Agency should disengage from using the inapplicable DOD diminishing manufacturing sources and material shortages stan-... 

In principle, if an unlimited energy supply were available, there would be no material shortages because every substance would become reusable. This would shift the focus to energy resources, further enhancing their importance. 

Several factors affected fertilizer production during the 1979/80 to 1994/95 period. Depressed fertilizer prices, economic and political reforms, structural adjustment programs, raw material shortages, and depressed demand were some of the important contributory factors. 

The pressure for substitutions arises from market conditions. Material shortages and price increases force processors to seek means of relief. They will sometimes offer an equivalent material. Equivalent is, however, an ambiguous term when referring to plastics. It cannot mean precisely the same resin because resins are covered by patents and, therefore, each one is somewhat different than the others in its behavior and properties. Therefore, whether the alternative resin is close enough to the specified material to be acceptable depends on the application. Product engineers find it difficult to rely on processors recommendations because they are primarily concerned with producing the part to a level which will achieve acceptance by the... 

No fear of material shortage. Activated carbon materials can be obtained from any organic substance. 

At that peculiar time, the coatings industry, particularly in its vehicle aspects, was less than 10 years away from the open-fired, varnish kettles. It was substantially based on natural drying oils. It was in a ferment of revolution trying to cope with the problems of material shortages. As in all conservative industries, the approach to coping is the seune. That is, a request to supply something that is remarkable, but that does not force changes which are not absolutely necessary. 

Zak and Frank [41] are pioneers who used discrete Markov Chain in finite state to describe a stochastic nature of supply and demand under centralized distribution of resources. The outcome shows that the size of system loss has close relations with functions of the system, the initial inventory level and allocation of resourees. To avoid material shortage and resources inactiveness, they designed mathematical models in different situations and algorithms applying brand and bound method to optimize the initial inventory and resource allocation. The goal of those measures was to minimize total system costs of losses. 

Material Shortages and Flooding Phenomena Membrane Dehydration Gas Crossover Accelerated Material Aging ... 

The main reasons for PEMFC performance degradation at high temperatures are material shortages, memrane dehydration, gas crossover through the membrane, and accelerated material aging. 

For many years, barks and agricultural residues were regarded as waste materials to be disposed of as cheaply as possible. However, in this era of material shortages and ecology awareness, increasing efforts have been directed away from mere disposal and toward positive utilization of barks and residues. 

Toxicity, flammability, and materials shortages associated with organic solvents have resulted in the development of several new water-borne adhesive systems. Many of the previously effective adhesive formulations are not readily converted to water-borne analogs. Many of the previously understood solution property-performance correlations remain valid in water-borne systems some do not. In this work an effort has been made to improve our understanding of the adhesive mechanisms and property-performance correlations in solvent and water-borne contact adhesives. These adhesive systems include phenolic/neoprene and phenolic/acrylic compositions. Some of the physical properties of the individual components and of the phenolic/elastomer blends have been related to contact adhesive performance. 

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