Mass averaged

The first equahty (on the left-hand side) corresponds to the molar flux with respect to the volume average velocity while the equahty in the center represents the molar flux with respect to the molar average velocity and the one on the right is the mass flux with respect to the mass average velocity These must be used with consistent flux expressions for fixed coordinates and for Nc components, such as ... 

A useful rule of thumb is that the turbine work in a STIC plant is increased by a factor of about (1 + 25), since the specific heat of the steam is about double that of the specific heat of the dry gas. This is in agreement with the example given above and with the earlier detailed calculations by Fraize and Kinney [3]. (Their work was based on the assumption that the mixture of air and steam in the turbine behaved as a semi-perfect gas, with specific heats being determined simply by mass averaging of the values for the two components.)... 

In POLYM the output data of KINREL are used with compositional information to calculate the number and mass average molecular masses (Rn and Rm, respectively) and number and end-group average functionalities (fp and fg> respectively) in the pre-gel region in all stages. In addition, the network characteristics such as sol fraction, mj, and the number of elastically active network chains per monomer (5), Ng, are calculated in the post-gel regime of stage 3. 

Figures 2 and 5 show the increase of the mass average molar mass, R i, with conversion for the systems with branched and linear prepolymers, respectively. These results indicate that addition of the branching monomer in the first stage yields much higher values of R, and the gel point is reached at lower conversion than addition in the third stage. Translated into practical properties this means that the processing and application qualities (e.g. flow) of a paint based on formulation F40 will be inferior to those of one on the basis of for-...

Eor a dilnte aqneons solntion the mass average velocity is determined from the equation of motion for a Newtonian flnid, the Navier-Stokes eqnation,... 

Principles and Characteristics Problems connected with sample preparation, ionisation and detector efficiency can lead to errors in the quantitation of mass averages and MWD in the case of ESI-MS and MALDI-MS. Coupling of SEC with MS makes it possible to overcome these difficulties. SEC-MS has developed since the early 1990s. Two methods are currently outstanding on-line SEC-ESI-MS (QMS or FTMS) and semi on-line SEC-MALDI-ToFMS [709],... 

For the expressions used to calculate the mass average diameter and wall-drop effectiveness, readers are referred to Varone and Rohsenow (1990). 

For correlation with most physical properties (mechanical strength, optical scattering), mass average molecular mass of a polymer Mw" appears more satisfactory. Higher-power averages like z-average molecular mass "Mz" seem to better correlate with rheological properties. Expressions of M , Mw and Mz are... 

A measure of the breadth of the molecular mass distribution is given by the ratios of molecular mass averages. The most commonly used ratio Mw/Mn — H, is called the polydispersity index. Wiegand and Kohler discuss the determination of molecular masses (weights) and their distributions in Chapter 6. 

In addition to the determination of molar mass distributions and various molar mass averages there are many experiments, requiring sometimes sophisticated data evaluation, that can be carried out with an analytical ultracentrifuge. Examples are the analysis of association, the analysis of heterogeneity, the observation of chemical reactions, and protein characterization, to mention only a few. A detailed discussion is beyond the scope of this article, but there is excellent literature available [77-79,81,87-89]... 

In Ref. [30] the consistency of the approach is demonstrated by recalculating the respective molar mass averages Mw and Mn of the nine polymer fractions from the SEC elugrams after universal calibration, which agree very well with the... 

Table 4 Molar mass averages (in kg/mol) calculated from the molar mass distributions obtained by SEC, short and long exposure TDFRS, and DLS...

Fig. 1. Mass-averaged r-process abundances (line) as a function of mass number, which are compared with the solar r-process abundances (points).

Amino acid 3 letters 1 letter Molecular mass average protein (%)... 

Leaving aside the difficult question of whether this model holds for multiphase flows, we still have the problem of determining in terms of the computed properties of the flow. The reader should appreciate that choosing an effective viscosity for a multiphase flow is much more complicated than just adding a turbulence model as done in single-phase turbulent flows. Indeed, even for a case involving two fluids (e.g., two immiscible liquids) for which the molecular viscosities are constant, the choice of the effective viscosities is not obvious. For example, even if the mass-average velocity defined by... 

Dalton (Da) A non-SI unit of mass (symbol Da) that is equal to the unified atomic mass unit. See also related entries on accurate mass average mass molar mass molecular weight monoisotopic mass nominal mass unified atomic mass unit. 

Mass See entries on accurate mass average mass dalton molar mass molecular weight monoisotopic mass nominal mass unified atomic mass unit. 

Most authors found that for narrow-MMD polymer (Mw/Mn < 1.10) the agreement is within 10% to 15% or even better and therefore it is excellent. As a matter of fact, polymers with a narrow MMD can be obtained by anionic or cationic polymerization and their molar mass averages can be readily measured by traditional methods for MM determination. 

Name Formula Monoisotopic Mass (Average) Methylated Monoisotopic Mass of Derivatives Deutero- methylated Acetylated Deutero- acetylated... 

Cl37Cl2, respectively, and thus these can be identified in the next step. The numbers of all other elements must remain the same, i.e., here C16H14N must be part of any formula. In this example, R = 8000 is the minimum to separate the PFK reference peak at m/z 417 from that of the analyte. If separation could not have been achieved, the mass assignment would have been wrong because the m/z 417 peak would then be centered at a weighted mass average of its two contributors. Alternatively, such a peak may be omitted from both reference list and composition list. 

Polymers are therefore mainly characterised in terms of two molar masses. These are the Number Average Molar Mass, M, (Eq. 5.6) and the Mass Average Molar Mass, M, (Eq.5.7)... 

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