Maslow

Later theories by Maslow (1954) showed the narrowness of that view, and the importance of factors such as social, esteem, achievement, and other needs. Maslow has put forward a hierarchy of five types of needs in descending order of priority ... 

Maslow postulated that the most basic level of need which is not yet satisfied is the one that controls behavior at any moment in time. Hence, people will not be very concerned with pursuing needs for esteem if they are threatened with the loss of their job, and therefore their security. While there is evidence that the first two levels do need to be satisfied in most people, before much concern is shown with the remaining levels, there does not appear to be any clear progression among those higher levels. 

Sokurenko, E. V., Courtney, H. S., Maslow, J., Siitonen, A., and Hasty, D. L. (1995). Quantitative differences in adhesiveness of type 1 fimbriated Escherichia coli due to structural differences in fimH genes. /. Bacterial. 177, 3680-3686. 

Table 9.11 shows the shopping basket of an average shopper. How does each household construct its shopping basket According to Abraham Maslow (1987), there... 

Maslow, A. (1968) Toward a Psychology of Being, New York Van Nostrand. 

There is a straightforward model of human motivation—Maslow s (1987) hierarchy of needs—that is a favorite of management theorists and practitioners. The model is popular because it is relatively simple to convey and fairly easy to apply in practical situations. 

McGregor s (1985) seminal book, The Human Side of Enterprise, considers the management of organizations from the standpoint of hnman motivation, using Maslow s hierarchy as an important base model. He concludes that there are two fundamentally different types of managers who operate from two different sets of assumptions about human behavior. 

Maslow P. Chemical Materials for Construction, McGraw-Hill Publishing, New York, NY, USA, 1982. 

Johansson, K., Ramaswamy, S., Saarinen, M., Lemaire-Chamley, M., Issakidis-Bourguet, E., Miginiac-Maslow, M., and Eklund, H. (1999) Biochemistry 38,4319 -4326... 

These sorts of human failings are, of course, not limited to scientists who do not accept parapsychological findings. They happen in all fields of science, including parapsychology itself. As Abraham Maslow pointed out in a too little-known but brilliant book, The Psychology of Science [50], any individual scientist can use science as an open-ended, personal growth system or as one of the best neurotic defense mechanisms known. 

Maslow, A. H. Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences. Columbus ... 

Michelet L, Zaffagnini M, Massot V, Keryer E, Vanacker H, Miginiac-Maslow M, Issakidis-Bourguet E, Lemaire SD. 2006. Thioredoxins, glutaredoxins, and glutathio-nylation New crosstalks to explore. Photosynth Res 89 225-245. 

More importantly, my studies of people s experiences in various d-ASCs have convinced me that people can and do have vital, living experiences that are ways out. People have what Maslow 36 called peak experiences of openness, freedom, and belonging in which they feel they transcend, at least temporarily, the samsaric condition of ordinary consciousness. It can be argued that these experiences are just other illusions, that there is no freedom. But the belief that a way out does not exist may be just as illusory. 

The travel career ladder approach was developed by Pearce (1988, 1991b, 1993b), Pearce and Caltabiano (1983) and Moscardo and Pearce (1986a) and was based in part on Maslow s (1970) needs-hierarchy theory of motivation. The travel career ladder (TCL) describes tourist motivation as consisting of five different levels relaxation needs, safety/security... 

As Rowan (1998) reports, popular undergraduate texts often oversimplify and misrepresent Maslow s work. In particular reports of Maslow s work that depict these needs as a simple five-part triangle with some marvellous end-point of personal growth oversimplify the complex layering of two kinds of self-esteem needs and several variants of self-actualisation and competence. In revising the TCL into a more complex patterning of motives, the full complexity of motivational possibilities in the tourism context needs to be explored (cf. Ryan, 2002b). 

The ideas of Maslow were only one contributor to the construction of the TCL. The career concept in leisure or tourism was equally important in shaping the TCL approach (Goffman, 1961 Hughes, 1937). In this line of inquiry, it is argued that people s motivation changes with their travel experience. People may be said to have a travel career, reflected in a pattern of travel motives, which changes according to their lifespan and/or accumulated travel experiences. 

Mills, A.S. (1985) Participation motivation for outdoor recreation A test of Maslow s theory. Journal of Leisure Research 17,184-99. 

Rowan, J. (1998) Maslow amended. ]oumal of Humanistic Psychology 38 (1), 81-93. 

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